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 NEW BOOKS. 295 character, which is found in Kantian ethics, affects also the ethics of Utilitarianism ; for the principle of eudoemonism, like the Kantian principle, can give morality no objective content. Social Utilitarianism is no more capable than individualistic Utilitarianism of proving the harmony <>f individual and social interests. With a doctrine founded on experience llif conception of society must remain either the conception of a sum of individual interests or of an external authority. The unity of the indivi- dual and society which is required in order to establish universally valid moral principles can only exist a priori. Social life, therefore, and the impulse to seek happiness are only the conditions of the origin of morality, not the grounds of the principles of morals. Moral laws must have their roots in the rational nature of man, not so far as it is theoretical, but in its practical legislating activity (p. 73). Anthropologische Studien. Von HERMANN SCHAAFFHAUSEN, Dr. Med. und Professor in Bonn. Bonn : A. Marcus, 1885. Pp. ix., 677. The author has collected in this volume a variety of " anthropological studies " published in periodicals and the transactions of scientific societies during a period beginning with 1839, the date of his inaugural dissertation for the medical degree (De vitce viribus), a translation of which heads the series. All the papers, however different their content, aim at showing the truth of " two views, first won in recent times," viz., the doctrine of organic evolution and the doctrine that psychical evolution runs parallel with this. The author thinks, however, that it is a weakness of Dar- winism, as ordinarily interpreted, to attach too little importance to the influence of external conditions, such as climate, in producing the races of mankind. "For the progress of mankind," he holds, "the struggle of races is almost a matter of indifference." Progress is due to the develop- ment of intellect and knowledge, not to a struggle for existence ; and " man is not a child of nature, but a child of education" (p. 418). Die Einleitung in die Philosophie vom Standpunkte der Geschichte der Philo- sophic. Von LUDWIG STRUMPELL, Professor an der Universitat zu Leipzig. Leipzig : G. Bohine, 1886. Pp. 484. The result of the author's consideration of philosophy from the point of view of its history is that the three most influential directions of philo- sophical thought have always been Scepticism, Materialism and Pantheism (or, as it is now called, Monism). At the present time the first is only " a pseudo-philosophical tendency " ; but towards the other two an Introduc- tion to Philosophy must take up a definite attitude. The author defines his position "from an opposing standpoint" "in such a manner as he deems fitting in view of youthful thinkers ", He holds firm to the prin- ciple that a conflict between theoretic knowledge on the one hand and ethical and religious truths on the other must always be decided in favour of the two last, because theoretic knowledge is always of problematical nature and of less value than ethical and religious knowledge (p. 5). The chief divisions of the work are (1) " The Questions and Problems, the Conception, Parts and Subdivision of the principal Directions of Philo- sophy" (pp. 10-74), (2) "The Directions of Theoretical Philosophy" (pp. 75-401), (3) "The Directions of Practical Philosophy" (pp. 402-467), (4) " Philosophy of Keligion" (pp. 468-484). Ueber die Lautgesetze. Gegen die Junggrammatiker. Von HUGO SCHCCH- ARDT. Berlin : R. Oppenheim, 1885. Pp. 39. An argument against what appears to the author the too stringently scientific character claimed for laws of phonetic change by the younger