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 290 NEW BOOKS. and " duty " regarded as absolute and fundamental, and each containing the other. These two ideas suppose a third which is not free-will (p. 4). All three may be established by simply considering the nature of "the human person". From consideration of the particular re- lations of the human person the following lights are found to belong to all men by the mere fact that they exist : the right to life, the right to indi- vidual liberty, the right of property, liberty of conscience, of thought and of speech. The fact that liberty is only possible in a social order deter- mines the character of society and of positive legislation. Since marriage and the family are the basis of society, it is necessary first to discuss the form these ought to assume consistently with the admission of equal per- sonal rights. This discussion occupies about a third of the book. Then the author goes on to define the right of property, defending it against the arguments of Proudhon. After discussing intellectual property, he pro- ceeds to the discussion of questions of liberty and tolerance ; returning finally to property in an appendix on M. Fouillee's work La Propriety sociale et la Dcmocratie. La Philosophic des Medecins Grecs. Par EMMANUEL CHAUVET, Professeur a la Faculte des Lettres de Caen. Paris : E. Thorin, 1886. Pp. Ixxxix., 604. In his introductory historical sketch (pp. ix. -Ixxxix.) the author shows that as Greek philosophy from the beginning to the end allied itself with medicine, adopting medical theories from the physicians and developing them on its own account, so, on the other hand, medicine allied itself with philosophy, each medical school having a complete philosophy of its own, partly taken from the philosophers and partly developed independently to .-nit the needs of medical science and practice. The object of the book is to set forth as completely as possible the philosophy of the physicians both their general philosophical theories and those that specially concern the medical and biological sciences. It is pointed out that the historian has to confine himself practically to Hippocrates and Galen ; and accordingly the body of the work falls into two portions, the first of which (pp. 1-99), under the main heads of " Logic," "Morals," and " Physics,'' deals with all the writings attributed to Hippocrates, the pp. 101-583) with Galen, " Physics" being here divided into " Psychology" (pp. 284-486) and "Theology" (Galen's cosmology being omitted). Sections are appended on "Origins of the Philosophy of Hippocrates" (pp. 94-9), "Galen, His- torian of Philosophy" (pp. 519-75), and "Origins of the Philosophy of Galen" (pp. 576-83). The general results of the author's investiga- tion are summed up in the "Conclusion" (pp. 584-601). The real additions made by medicine to the ideas current in the philosophical schools are found to be chielly, or even exclusively, in psychology. As, regards the question of tin- seat of the soul, medicine was able to correct philo.suphy ; and Erasistratus, whose view was too lightly rejected by Gali-n, had even arrived at the idea of ceivbral locali.-ation. The phy- sicians added to the five smses "internal sensibility, 1 ' totally neglected by the philosophers, and revolutionised the theory of the senses l>v assigning in- nerves, Gulen assigned correctly the functions of the motor nerves and the muscles; with him "physiological determinism" appears for the first time in history ; and although the treatment of the psychology of sleep and dreams by the physicians was on the whole inferior to its treatment l>y the philosophers, Galen was able to correct Aristotle by showing that the motor faculty is not entirely abolished in dreams. In dealing with such subjects as mental "habit" and "disease," the physicians are again superior to the philosophers.