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 NEW BOOKS. 139 figures of the Scholastic movement, neglected in the ordinary histories. For different reasons, he maintains in discussing the origins of Scholas- ticism, there could be no philosophical doctrine of the conscience either in antiquity or in the Patristic period ; and it was in the 13th century that the earliest attempts were made to explain its nature. A part of the Scholastics seek the foundation of conscience in the powers of conation (in modern terminology, "the feelings") and in knowledge; others place it exclusively in the reason. The first conception is that of the Franciscans, Bonaventura and Alexander of Hales ; the second that of the Dominicans, Albert the Great and Thomas Aquinas. All the 13th century investiga- tions of the conscience were started by the Aristotelian, psychology, especially by the distinction of cognitive and active powers. Further, the form and content of these investigations attach themselves to a gloss taken from the commentary of St. Jerome on Ezekiel, in which conscience ia spoken of under the double name of crvvrriprjo-is and conscientia. Alexander of Hales was the first to make vise of this gloss for the construction of a theory of conscience ; but Bonaventura was the first to distinguish clearly the two terms by giving the name synteresis (or, as it was commonly mis- spelt, synderesis) to the disposition of the will, conscientia to the intellective side of conscience. In the Second Part of his work, the author will pro- ceed to the doctrine of conscience as developed by the Dominican school. Die Erklarung des Gedankenlesens nebst Beschreibung eines neuen Verfahrens zum Nachweise unwillkurlichtr Bewegungen. Von W. PREYER, Pro- fessor der Physiologic an der Universitat Jena. Mit 26 Original- Holzschnitten im Text. Leipzig : Th. Grieben (L. Fernau), 1886. Pp. 70. In the first of these papers the author describes how Dr. Beard, Dr. Carpenter and himself have all arrived by different ways at the explanation of "thought-reading" from indications given to the thought-reader by unconscious muscular movements. This explanation, suggested to Car- penter by experiments on hypnotism and to Beard by his knowledge of the results of Fritsch and Hitzig, was suggested to the author by his researches on the involuntary impulsive movements of unborn and newly- born animals and of very young children. The second paper contains an account of the construction and use of the apparatus he has devised for registering unconscious muscular movements of all kinds. The descrip- tions given in the third paper show with how much rapidity and accuracy it is possible for one practised in reading the indications given by these movements to write or draw any numbers, letters, figures, &c., that are intently thought of by the subject of the experiment. The fourth paper is an elaborate critical examination of M. Richet's late attempt (in the Revue Philosophique, ix. 12) to prove a direct transmission of thought from brain to brain. Dr. Preyer's conclusion is that out of the whole series of experiments brought in evidence by M. Richet, nothing remains that can lend the least support to the entirely superfluous assumption of a trans- mission of thought without verbal or other physical signs. Kltine Schriften. Von HERMANN LOTZE. Bd. i. Leipzig : S. Hirzel, 1885. Pp. xviii., 397. Dr. D. Peipers here begins a collective reprint of Lotze's minor writings to exclude only the 1'otms of 1840 and a Latin translation of the Antigone in 1857 as they have been made out and catalogued, with perfect care and devotion, by Prof. E. Rehnisch in the appendix to the Grundzuge der JEsthttik (see MIND, Vol. ix. 471). The collection will fill three volumes, the third containing at the end a small amount of pre-