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 IMIU.OSOI'HICAI. I'KlilumcAI.S. lung.' [Pleasure on the ground of sympathy is pleasure in an object which I endow with life or mind, in which I tind a reflexion of my m r - son.-ility. Two stages may be distinguished, ttm j bient sympathy (ivmpatkiwht AVu/ii/i/i/m/ . (|) W e begin with pv.-u't ical ' sympathy the instance of the sight of an angry man. Here I tind. in an external object, a mode of my own self's feeling; modified, it may be. but recognisable ; and, above all, given in a context, implying a personality. So I pass to cosentient sympathy : the anger become* actual in me ; it has at once the character of objectivity and of activity.
 * > The way from practical to lesthetic sympathy is the way from the

.' or ' indication ' to the ' symbol'. I have in Mthel .thy a self that transcends my every -day self; a realisation of -elf. enl. and made free by tlio concinnity of outer constraint and inner spontai and a realisation that is freed from the context of the actual world and thus is purified and yet further enhanced. The peculiar qualitative colouring of pleasure in the feeling of lesthetic sympathy is ' depth '. (8) Sympathy is undoubtedly set up by association ; but in so far as the fusion-product has the two characteristics of objectivity and of own- activity, and this ' constrained spontaneity ' has attaching to it the unique feeling of freedom, sympathy is itself an irreducible fact. (4; 111 tions from spatial forms (reply to C. Lange's criticism), and (5) from rhythm. (6) Some deny that sympathy depends (or depends ent upon association. This is true, if association means the mental nexion of individual psychical processes ; untrue, if one extends associa- tion to cover general modes of psychical manifestation (the psychical pro- cesses which underlie conscious content).] OK Abelsdorff. ' Ergiinzende Bemerkungen zu meiner Abhandlung uber die Acnderungen der Pupil- lenweite durch verschiedenfarbige Belichtung.' [Heply to Sachs.] Literaturbericht. PHILOSOPHISCHE STUDIEN. Bd. xv., Heft 4. F. 'Werner. Beitriige zur Collecti'masslehre.' [Gauss' law of the distribution of errors has been applied by the calculus of probability not only to errors proper, but to all sorts of 'accidental' phenomena : ef. the probability or distribution curves of Quetelet and Galton, and the variation curves of Lndwig. This extension of application demands an extension on the formal side of expression. Such extension, suggested by Fechner's CollectivmaBslehre, and by the recent articles of Lipps and Brans (Pkil. Html., xiii.. . r )7!l ; xiv. 339) is given, with numerous illustrations, in the present paper.] E. Duerr. ' Die stroboskopischen Erscheinungen.' [Increase of the number of different stimuli in successive periodical retinal stimulation is unfavourable to fusion. Under certain conditions of intermittent stimulation, the stimulus which is intrinsically best fitted to attract the attention determines the apparent brightness of the total image part, Brucke). A fairly large section of a inoM-meiit may be cut out, itliout the gap being remarked, if the time of interruption be short ; the explanation is to be sought in the conditions of retinal excitation and of eye-movement. Stroboscopic phenomena (apart from movement, are fully- explained by the laws of intermittent retinal stimulation (Marbe).] W. Hellpach. ' Die Farbenwahrnehmung iiu indirecten Sehen.' [An inve-ti- gation by means of pure spectral colours (gelatine sheets^ with dork adaptation ; the method of minimal changes in a centripetal direction was employed. Four zones are found : an outer complementary, a colourless, a like-coloured, and a same-coloured. These results are 10 surprising, and the author's theoretical conclusions so radical, that the full table may be printed here: