Page:Mind (New Series) Volume 9.djvu/146

 132 PHILOSOPHICAL PERIODICALS. trines of (f>v<ris and apx^l- (1) O n l ^ e s^ 6 of nature, Eousseau holds irreconcilable views. While he differs from Hobbes and Mandeville, his own theory is yet incompatible with an original virtue. Man's natural state, for him, is prior to the evolution of reason, and absolutely non- social. (2) Society is based on a pure convention, involving a more or less violent transformation of man's original nature. Rousseau follows Hobbes, however, in emphasising the tyranny of social rule. (3) The absolutism claimed for the state is in contradiction with Rousseau's theory of education, which implies anarchism rather than despotism. The contradiction arises from defects in the conception of man's essential nature. Contrast between Rousseau and Kant.] J. B. Peterson. ' The Forms of the Syllogism.' [A fourth syllogistic figure is impossible, and the third a piece of laboured trifling. The first and second are equally valid, though not equally important. We thus get rid of the deduction of valid moods, and can banish altogether reduction, mnemonic lines, contraposition, indeed, practically the whole doctrine of immediate in- ference.] E. Adickea. ' German Philosophy during the Years 1896-1898.' II. [Psychology and epistemology ; aesthetics ; ethics.] Reviews of Books. Summaries of Articles. Notices of New Books. PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW. Vol. vi., No. 3. C. H. Judd. 'A Study of Geometrical Illusions.' [Overestimation and underestimation of parts of a figure should be replaced by the more general idea that points are shifted in their spatial relations with reference to all the points in a field of vision. Effects within the figure, i.e., are attended by effects without it. (1) The Poggendorff illusion cannot be explained as an angle illusion. The movement hypothesis is adequate. (2) Angle illusions cannot be explained by energy of movement (Wundt), by contrast in direction of movement (Helmholtz), or by perspective. Judgments of length of sides and of distance between them at a certain distance from the vertex are the important factors.] W. Mills. ' The Nature of Animal Intelligence and the Methods of Investi- gating It.' [Critique of Thorndike. Anecdotes are not valueless. Animals observed must be placed under normal conditions. It is doubtful if animals possess self-consciousness ; but it is probable that the faculties of animals, so far as they go, are not radically different from those of man, and it is unsafe to say at present that the animal mind does or does not comprise certain definite powers (inference, reasoning, etc.).] E. A. Kirkpatrick. ' The Development of Voluntary Move- ment.' [Do children learn to move, or inherit a movement-mechanism, or are movements partly learned and partly inherited? The latter hypothesis is the most probable, but must be modified and made definite. (1) Chance and imitation must receive a physiological basis. (2) There is an inherited physiological space relation between visual stimulus (object in a certain position) and the muscles for moving towards it. The only element at first prominent in consciousness is the visual sensa- tion. And it is unnecessary, in learning, to have consciousness of all or of most of the elementary part-movements.] E. Thorndike. 'The Instinctive Reaction of Young Chicks.' [Reaction to coloured spots ; to distance, direction, etc. ; instinctive muscular co-ordinations (jumping, swimming, etc.) ; instinctive emotional reactions (fear of novel objects in motion ; criticism of Spalding and Morgan). Instinctive reactions are not necessarily definite ; they may be vague, irregular, and partially dis- similar reactions to vague, complex situations.] Discussions. J. H. Hyslop. ' Professor Muensterberg on Mysticism.' [The method and attitude of the Atlantic Monthly paper are unscientific.] H. M. Stanley. ' Mr. Marshall and the Theory of Religion.' [The definition of religion