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 98 CRITICAL NOTICES: marked by similar intellectual characteristics, though the vigour which in the first was shown in new ways of seeing, expressing and explaining "old truths," and in an exuberance of new terms and symbols, is in the latter work apparent in clearness and freshness of exposition, and abundance of illustration, devoted to the service of traditional doctrine and expressed in current terminology. In the Preface to the present book, Mr. Bead mentions Mill, Prof. Bain, Dr. Venn and Dr. Keynes as the writers to whom he is chiefly indebted, and he refers besides to Mr. Bradley, Mr. Bosanquet and Mr. Alfred Sidgwick (among English authors). To the latter of these (together with Mr. Thomas Whittaker and Prof. C.M. Thompson) he expresses gratitude for advice on various points. In the Deductive part of his book, Mr. Eead has taken advantage of Dr. Keynes' improvements on preceding Formal Logicians, and has thus given a much more complete and systematic account of, e.g., Immediate Inferences than Jevons or any other previous writer. And that he has not been uninfluenced by Mr. Bradley's and Mr. Bosanquet's writings, and Mr. Alfred Sidgwick's, may be inferred from the general effort after continuity and unification of subject which marks his work, in his references implicit or explicit to that analysis which must have preceded synthesis in Logic, to the effect of context on meaning, and to the ' artificiality,' the relativity to human purpose, of classification, etc. But wherever the work of the writers referred to has led to discussions or considerations impossible to be presented without great com- plexity, at that point Mr. Eead generally ceases to follow them e.g., in reference to " Predication and Existence," the distinction between " Conditionals " and " Hypotheticals " as two distinct kinds of propositions of the form If A, then C, the Quantification of the Predicate, the liability of human faculties to error in observation and perception, the relation between Causation and Co-existence, the interpretation of the Law of Identity, the nature of mathematical truth, immediacy of succession in Causation. No doubt there are excellent reasons for this ; a handbook is not the place for raising doubts that cannot be solved, or at least laid to rest ; and I think that what can be done in the way of a brief clearing up of difficulties great or small (often only diffi- culties on the surface, but none the less puzzling on that account) and of reconciling apparent contradictions, has been done over and over again by Mr. Eead in this book with surprising skill and success. Cf., e.g., his treatment of Inductive Method, chapter xv., and of the relation between Induction and Deduction, his recurrence to Suppositio as a substitute for Universe of Discourse, his explanation of the saying, Exceptio probat regulam ; and the treatment of Classification, and Nomenclature and the Predi cables, in chapters xxi. and xxii., though brief is very elucidating. " Let us," he seems to say, "go as far as may be without plunging into any metaphysical or psychological quagmire ; let us spare