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 PHILOSOPHICAL PEEIODICALS. 579 jerk and intensity ; or the group of muscle-sensations attending adapta- tion or reaction to stimulus is an immediate element of the intensity- idea.] (c) 'Judgment.' [Experiments on preperception. S. d. varies inversely with the number of possibilities of judgment presented (c/. reaction-time results). Experiments on general and specific judgments. By an ingenious method (worthy of further testing) the percentage of 'pure general judgments of difference' is determined: in three series it was 11 '3, 7'7, 14'5. ' Noticeableness ' and 'difference,' it is concluded, are both terms of various meanings. But this fact is generally recognised ; and the author's tinal words " The problem of psycho- physics awaits a restatement" are therefore misleading.] S. Baker. ' The Identification of the Self.' [There are two opposed theories ; the associative or automatic, and the conative or volitional. The latter is preferable : introspection shows a feeling of effort, conscious energising. And the process of energising " actually calls up the characteristics of the past-self, and imitates them". This present mimicry of self, the devotion of the self to a self-set copy, constitutes the process or fact of self-identity, and is recognisable as such. Take, e.g., the identity of self during pain. "In the presence of pain expectantly developed, I as a self actually endeavour to reproduce all the concomitance previously associated with pain of every sort ; and myself is best satisfied when this is accomplished most accurately and fully."] Shorter Contributions. G. R. Stetson. ' Some Memory Tests of Whites and Blacks.' [Verses were read to blacks (av. age 12-57) and whites (av. age 11). Memory rank : blacks, 58'27 per cent. ; whites, 58-09 per cent. Study rank : blacks, 64 '73 per cent. ; whites, 74-82 per cent.] C. J. Hawkins. ' Experiments on Memory Types.' [Bough experiments on school-children, and commercial and college students. For auditory memory, one reading is better than two, and three than one. For young pupils, successive visual memory is better than simultaneous; for older persons, the reverse holds. For young pupils, auditory memory is better than visual : for older, the reverse is true.] C. L. Herrick. ' The Propagation of Memories.' [Since cortical cells die, there can be no persistence of an actual physical memory- basis. Memory is continuous in virtue of " the totality of the inter- related [cortical] activities or the associational equilibrium".] Zi. Farrand. J. McK. Cattell, and J. M. Baldwin. 'Note on Reaction Types.' [Rosenthal has a longer muscular than sensorial reaction (7 + 4 + 7 experiments ; no previous practice). Sieveking gives a normal muscular reaction (5 experiments ; no practice) and cannot react sensorially at all. Neither subject was directed beforehand as to concentration of the attention. This experimental material is inter- preted by Cattell and Baldwin, each in terms of his own theory.] Psychological Literature. New Books. Notes. THE PSYCHOLOGICAL INDEX, No. 3. A Bibliography of the Literature of Psychology and Cognate Subjects for 1896. Compiled by BL C. Warren and Ii. Farrand, with the co-operation of B. Borchardt and N. Vaschide. [Published in April, 1897 : 2234 titles. The bulk of the work has fallen to Messrs. Warren and Farrand ; but the Index has been made more complete than in previous years by the co-operation of the Zeitschr. f. Psych, and the A nnee psychologique. In future all three biblio- graphies will be practically the same ; though the Zeitschr. list, coming last, will presumably be the most complete.] MONOGRAPH SUPPLEMENT, No. 4. Jan., 1897. E. F. Buchner. 'A Study of Kant's Psychology, with Reference to the Critical Philosophy.' [An elaborate monograph, pp. viii., 208. Notice will follow.]