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 430 NEW BOOKS. the Stoics. 1 Unhappily, the fragments of Heraclitus are so scanty and ill-preserved that scholars are never likely to agree in their interpreta- tion of his ryos. Professor Burnet denies that " Xoyos meant Eeason at all in early days ". 2 Against this view some linguistic arguments of no little weight are adduced by Aall. On broader grounds, the theory which assigns the Logos-doctrine to Heraclitus seems to me reasonable. Many of his utterances read as if the speaker believed himself to be inspired ; and such a belief is likely to have been fostered by a doctrine of this kind. The words which Heraclitus applies to the Sibyl might well be said of himself : 2i'/3uAXa 8t paivoufvut (rro/*ari trye'Xaora *cai dicaXXcorrtcrTa Koi dfjLvpiffTa (f)0yyop.(i>r) ^iXt'coi/ irtw (iKv((Tai Trj <$>u>vf) 8ia rov 6(Qv. J. ADAM. Die Lehre des Sokrates als Sociales Reform-system. Von Prof. Dr. AUGUST BORING. London : AVilliams & Norgate, 1896. Pp. x., 614. The object of this work is to determine the position of Socrates and his teaching in the history of philosophy. "Der Zustand," says Dr. Doring, " in dem sich das Problem der Sokratischen Lehre noch immer befindet, ist einigennassen beschamend fiir die Geschichte der Philosophie und die gesammte Geschichtswissenschaft iiberhaupt." The author claims to have pointed out the method by which we may hope to arrive at a final solution, and to have made some contribution towards it. We may say at once that Dr. Doring's work is excellent in respect of plan and arrangement, and shows a profound acquaintance with the literature of the subject. It should prove an invaluable aid to any student of Socrates' life and teaching, and especially to any future editor of Xenophon's Memorabilia. The book is divided into three leading sections, preceded by an Intro- duction. In the Introduction it is maintained that Socrates was a syste- matic thinker, and that Xenophon's Memorabilia is our only trust- worthy authority for the substance of his teaching. The first section (pp. 84-344) consists of a minute and laborious examination of the Memorabilia, the result of which is to show that Xenophon arranged his material according to a plan of his own, resting rather upon an apologetic basis than upon the actual philosophical sequence of the Socratic dogmas. Dr. Doring regards the Memorabilia as Xenophon's work throughout, although in its present form it is a second edition, revised and augmented by the addition of book i., chap, ii., 9-61, and book ii., chaps, ii.-x. These additions so thinks Dr. Doring were made in view of an attack upon Socrates' life and teaching by the Sophist Polycrates. It would require a long philological discussion to test this theory, and we must here content ourselves with saying that in our opinion the author has not succeeded hi proving his point. But the hypothesis of a double recension of the Memorabilia is not essential to the main argument of the work before us. In part ii. we are presented with the substance of the Memorabilia recast in a scientific form, and logically subordinated under a single leading idea. The fundamental idea in Socrates' teaching, according to Dr. Doring, is " Sozialethik beruhend auf Sozialeudamonie ". Socrates was primarily a political and social reformer ; and all his teaching can be explained as the out- 1 See Burnet' s Early Greek Philosophy (where this opinion seems to lie held), pp. 133-134. Burnet ous^ts the obnoxious yov from one of the most important fragments (92 in By water). 2 Loc. cit., p. 133.