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 540 CRITICAL NOTICES: then the way in which it becomes a unity is not merely, as Paulsen admits, nicht weiter angebbar, it is unthinkable. Moreover, either logical law is present on the psychical side without any physical counterpart, when parallelism goes to bits, or it is resolved into a psychical mechanism. Prof. Busse does not seek to deny a psychical mechanism altogether, only to limit its extent. It is a product of the spontaneous activity of the soul, a practical con- venience, alongside of which there persists a spontaneity, a creative synthetic power, without the admission of which you are driven to a materialistic conception of history, and must regard all that man has thought, or created, or elaborated as the necessary product of a blind mechanism. For mechanism does not become logical although in the long run conditioned by a logical point of view. Even if at the apex of the whole evolution, following its course according to mechanical laws, we placed the logical Idea, we would require, since everything spiritual must have its analogue in the physical world, to discover the physical parallel of the logical Idea, and this would then be a process following its course according to mechanical laws, like any other physical process. The element of rather fanciful construction inseparable from monadological spiritualism does not seriously affect the critical part of Prof. Busse's work, which enters a fairly effective protest against a facile acquiescence in the dogmatic assertion of psycho- physical parallelism. His book is interesting as a review of the present state of discussion on this subject and is not ill written, although it suffers from rather unnecessary iteration. It is sur- prising that, despite his evident acquaintance with English writers, the author does not quote Prof. Ward once, and thus seems unaware of how many points of contact he has with that writer's Gifford Lectures. DAVID MORKISON. Outlines of Metaphysics. By JOHN S. MACKENZIE, M.A. Glasgow, Litt.D. Cantab., Professor of Logic and Philosophy in the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire. London : Macmillan and Co. Pp. xv, 172. THIS book, says Prof. Mackenzie in the Preface, aims " chiefly at indicating the place and nature of the various metaphysical problems, rather than at threshing them out in detail ". It shows the points at which difficulties lie, and gives " slight suggestions " of methods by which they may be dealt with. It is intended to be " chiefly serviceable to the student who is just beginning seriously to face the great issues that are included under the term Metaphysics". Most teachers of Philosophy have felt the want of such a book. The Histories of Philosophy, as Prof. Mackenzie says, do not supply what is wanted ; and the Introduc-