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 PHILOSOPHICAL PERIODICALS. 287 of morality uhrongh the ages ; but there is not a double morality, right at one time, wrong at another, or right for one man (a genius) and wrong for another.] Ch. Willems. ' Die obersten Seins-und Denkgesetze.' [The author concludes his series of papers by saying that the axioms of identity, contradiction, excluded middle, and sufficient reason, are true for all things ; that of causality, only for things which become. But all have objective worth, depending, not upon subjective inability to think otherwise, but upon objective evidence.] Ghregor v. Holtum. * Thier- isches und menschliches Erkennen.' [The writer, in conclusion, follows Wasman's detailed refutation of Ennery's (and of others') arguments in favour of the intelligence of brutes, and praises his book as a strictly scientific work, which lays fetters upon the irrelevant vagaries of fancy.] KIVISTA FILOSOFICA. Anno iv., vol. v., Fasc. iii. May-June, 1902. Cf. Vidari. ' Civilta e Moralita.' [Civilisation understood as intellectual and material development is, notwithstanding some serious drawbacks and dangers, on the whole favourable to morality, chiefly by widening men's conceptions and enlarging their sympathies ; while morality is indispensable to civilisation.] GK Gentile. ' L'unita della scuola secondaria e la libertk degli studi (continuazione e fine).' [Concludes an animated plea for maintaining a high and uniform standard of second- ary education. Culture is essentially aristocratic and should not be degraded to meet the demands of a materialistic democracy. Among other subjects it should include some acquaintance with the New Testa- ment, a subject of which, according to this writer, nearly all educated Italians are lamentably ignorant.] C. Cantoni. ' Studi Kantiani.' [Maintains, chiefly against Wartenberg, that Kant's ' thing-in-itself ' is no objective reality, but a limiting conception, a purely subjective neces- sity of thought.] In the Rassegna Bibliografica of this number there is a lengthy adverse criticism of Mach's ' Analyse der Empfindungen ' (third ed.) from the pen of F. Bonatelli. Vol v., Fasc. iv. September-October. 1902. GK Vidari. ' Gaetano Negri.' [Negri represented a whole genera- tion of Italian thinkers who, while rejecting Christianity, came to no clear conception as to the part reserved for it in the future.] B. Varisco. ' Pensiero e realtk.' [A rapid summary of Renouvier's metaphysics, to be followed by critical remarks in a future number.] A. Fagano. ' La teoria della pena nell 1 Etica di G. Wundt.' [Expounds with general approval Wundt's theory of punishment, according to which its essential object is to redress the wrong done by the infliction of a corresponding pain on the criminal.] E. Sacchi. ' Le idee di Brunetiere sulla Tragedia.' [Chiefly about the idea of fate in Greek and French tragedy.] A. FaggL theory.] Rassegna Bibliografica, etc.
 * Un libro di estetica.' [A few brief adverse remarks on Croce's aesthetic