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 NEW BOOKS. 273 perceive an object, to call a work of art into existence, and to speak are identical processes. In each of them we convert an impression into an expression. Unfortunately, the author has not taken the trouble to analyse the notion ' expression ' or to distinguish the various processes to which the word can be applied. In simple perception the raw materials of sense are sifted out, ranged in a certain order of space and time, and associated by contiguity or resemblance with other resuscitated sensations. Any one who likes may, of course, call the mental activity involved in this process expression instead of perception ; but to identify it with what is called catching the expression of a face, and on the strength of this equivalent to describe both activities as aesthetic facts is merely misleading. For the expression of a face means its power of suggesting mental qualities to the beholder, which is not in pari materia with the suggestion, say, of tactual by visual sensations. And the case is worse when we come to language, where auditory or visual impressions are converted into signs of concepts. In the historical portion of the book the most original point seems to be the prominence given to Vico, whom Signer Croce considers ' the first discoverer of aesthetic science ' a wonderful criticism, not in the least justified by what the author himself quotes from the Scienza Nuova. A. W. B. W. Wundt's Philosophic und Psychologic in ihren Grundlehren dargestellt von Dr. RUDOLF EISLER. 8vo. Leipzig, 1902. Pp. vi., 210. Price, M. 3 20. Within certain limits an admirable abstract of the method, principles and conclusions of Wundt's philosophical system. It is indeed to be regretted that Dr. Eisler has so severely restricted the scope of his book, and more especially that, for reasons of space and in consideration of E. Konig's recent work, he has omitted any but the most general treat- ment of Wundt's ethics, an omission that naturally results in a certain incompleteness. Criticism is scarcely attempted, though the few critical remarks that are inserted make one wish for more. But, so far as it goes, this book deserves all praise. It keeps, perhaps, too close to the details of the original to serve as an Introduction ; but it cannot fail to be of service to those who have studied Wundt already, since it brings together connected topics that are scattered through numerous lengthy volumes and makes possible a rapid survey of the whole field. T. LOVKDAY. RECEIVED also : D. Irons, A Study in the Psychology of Ethics, Blackwood & Sons, 1903, pp. xviii., 176. A. E. Waite, De Senancour's Obermann, London, Philip Wellby, 1903, pp. Ixxxiii., 423. Paul Janet et Gabriel Seailles, A History of the Problems of Philosophy- Psychology, Macrnillan, 1902, vol., i., pp. xxvii., 389 ; vol. ii., pp. xiii., 375. ' Robert Flint, Agnosticism, Blackwood & Sons, 1903, pp. xvi., 602. R. A. Duff, Spinoza's Political and Ethical Philosophy, Glasgow, Maclehose, 1903, pp. 516. 18