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 PHILOSOPHICAL PERIODICALS. 131 factory in itself.] R. MacDougall. ' Rhythm, Time and Number.' [The sensory rhythmisation of successive durations introduces always specific errors of estimation ; it is only when the succession of intervals is not part of a rhythmical sequence that accurate comparison of their time values becomes possible. Moreover, every motor accompaniment of a series of regularly recurrent sensations tends to interfere with the proper estimation of the time values of their intervals, by becoming automatic. Nevertheless, it is on rhythmical processes, in the last analysis, that not only aesthetic apprehension, but also the sense of time itself depends. Contradiction appears, and the capacity of correct discrimina- tion is destroyed, only when the intervals to be compared are bounded by dynamically unlike units. The estimation of time is based upon the phenomena of general attentive adjustment common to all the senses alike. The process of rhythmical integration is also involved in the numerical apprehension of serial impressions beyond very simple groups. " The limits of our capacity for estimating temporally extended periods or numerical series are to be looked for in the physiological laws which condition motor discharges on the one side, and make it possible or im- possible for us to imitate the objective series by a system of organic strains ; and, on the other hand, in the limits placed upon our discrimina- tion of refined experiences of strain due to perception-reflexes taking place in some part of the bodily organism."] A. J. Kinnaman. ' Mental Life of Two Macacus Rhesus Monkeys in Captivity.' i. [Methods of animal psychology : (1) free observation of animals in their natural habitat ; (2) study of the development of young animals ; (3) training ; (4) free observation of animals in captivity ; (5) experimental. Inter- pretation of data : sphere of the lex parsimoniee. Characterisation of the animals observed. Eepetition of Thorndike's experiments. Eesults : the monkeys have not reasoned ; first efforts require much more time than later ; a better may be substituted for a poorer mode of manipula- tion ; manipulations are undertaken in a regular order ; most of the learning is done by trial and happy accidents, with the recollection of these and the elimination of useless efforts, though the female has learned by imitation ; ability increases to fasten on the essential point of diffi- culty in the tasks assigned. New tests : combination locks, form tests, size tests, discrimination of colour and shade. Instances of inhibition ; of gradual association ; of preference for bright colours.] N. Triplett. 'A Contribution to Individual Psychology.' [A curious instance of "a struggle of the letters ... as they appear in words," of a mental war of words, which has persisted and developed from the fifth year to early manhood.] Literature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ETHICS. Vol. xii. No. 4. M. E. Robin- son. ' Originality.' [Suggestions for the promotion of originality in England by improvement of university teaching and by raising the tone of social life.] J. Martin. 'The Social Value of Trade Unionism.' [A defence of the industrial and moral results of unionism in America.] J. McCabe. 'The Conversion of St. Augustine.' [It was not a renuncia- tion of sin so much as of all sexual affection, in accordance with the false ideal current among Christians at that time.] A. J. Jenkinson. ' The Problem of Conduct : a criticism.' [An adverse criticism of A. E. Taylor's recent book.] A. H. Lloyd. ' Scholars of the Cloister : a de- fence.' [A defence of the work of scholasticism more especially in political economy and the theory of language.] F. Thilly. ' Intuition- ism and Teleology.' [Using teleology in the sense of the ethical theory that an action's worth is determined by its results, the writer argues that intuitionism and teleology are not incompatible. It is only the more