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 122 NEW BOOKS. to a representation of the deaf-and-dumb alphabet. Similarly the historical chapter ii., admirable within its limits, gives no account of any work later than Darwin's, except for a few quotations from Tissie. In no place (and this is the great defect of the book) does M. Cuyer develop a general theory of those expressive movements with which he deals ; he follows here Gratiolet, here Duchenne, here Darwin, and does not seem to perceive the difference between the method of symbolic inter- pretation which is proper to aesthetic and that of genuine psychological explanation. On the other hand, as a book of reference for points of detail his work is extremely valuable. The third chapter deals with the anatomy of the muscles employed in facial expression ; it is clear r and, like the rest of the work, well illustrated. The fourth chapter is the most important. It is headed "Analysis of expressive movements". Each muscle that serves to express feeling is taken in turn, the changes of expression due to its activity are described, and the particular feelings determined with which these changes by themselves or in combination with others are connected. The fifth chapter is synthetical, i.e., it takes the emotions separately and describes the correlated movement* of expression. A few remarks on the relation of the subject to the fine arts end the volume. T. LOVE DAY. Eduard von Hartmanns philosophisches System im Grundriss. Von Dr. ARTHUR DREWS. Heidelberg, 1902. Pp. xxii., 851. On 23rd February, 1902, Eduard von Hartmann completed his sixtieth year. In accordance with a graceful German custom it was intended that the present volume should appear on that day as a birthday offering to the eminent philosopher whose system it unfolds ; but at the desire of the publisher who must be a rather exceptional type it came into the world some months earlier. An introductory memoir recounts the prin- cipal events in a life almost entirely devoted to thought. The son of an artillery officer, Hartmann entered the Prussian army at a very early age without having passed through a university training. An accident, the effect of which was aggravated by injudicious medical treatment, obliged him to abandon the military profession at nineteen, and his life has been more or less that of an invalid ever since. He then tried paint- ing, music, and to some extent poetry, but without success, and finally found rest in philosophy. Cynical critics have attributed his adoption of pessimism to these repeated disappointments ; but a better explana- tion is applied by the immense vogue of Schopenhauer during the early sixties in Germany. As a metaphysician, at any rate, Hartmann was no failure. His Philosophy of the Unconscious, published in 1868, achieved, for a work of its kind, a success without precedent or parallel, and brought its author offers of a professorship from three German universities. Ill- health prevented his profiting by an opportunity which has not been repeated, his declared antagonism to Christianity counting as a dis- qualification for academic preferment in the subsequent period of reaction. Hartmann has followed up his brilliant juvenile performance by several other contributions to speculative literature of a more special and technical character ; but they have added nothing essential to the ideas of that grandiose philosophical romance, nor have they enjoyed anything like the same popularity. Indeed his general reputation has declined considerably during the last quarter of a century, being more and more obscured by the rising fame of Nietzsche ; and one object of Prof. Drews, who writes as an ardent disciple, is to revive it. The present