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196 warships to bombard the fortifications of Vera Cruz.

In 1837, at the request of President Jackson, the American Congress passed an act authorizing him to make final demand upon the Mexican Government for redress for numerous outrages that had been committed upon the persons and property of American citizens, and to use the naval forces of the United States to enforce such demand. After years of negotiation, signalized by numerous deceptions and Violations of diplomatic agreements on the part of Mexico, the differences between that country and the United States were only partly adjusted and later, in 1846, became one of the contributing causes of the war between the two countries.

In 1861, Spain, France, and England entered into an agreement to take joint action to enforce certain rights which they had against the Mexican Government, and this afterward led to French intervention and the short-lived empire of Maximilian.

With the conclusion of the Maximilian epoch by his capture and execution, in 1867, the republic was again restored, with Juarez as president. In a short time his possession of the office was challenged by Diaz, who failed in his attempt to unseat him, but, later, in a second revolutionary attempt against Lerdo de Tejada, who had succeeded