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Prussia to the ruler of Bomou, started from Tripoli in February, 1869, and in the following summer pushed his way from Pczzan into the mountainous country of Tibessi, being the first European to pene- trate so far southwards. Aft^ in- curring great dangers and almost incredible privations, he returned to Fezzan, and in July, 1870, reached Bomou, accomplished his mission, went through Kanem once more into the Sahara, and reached Bomou (bein^ again the first European to do so). In Jan., 1872, being back again at Eouka, in Bomou, he un- dertook a journey to Begharmi and the heathen slaye-dealing regions south of it, aU entirely unknown ground, and returned in autumn with very valuable scientific mate- rial. In the spring of 1873 he set out for Wadai, his chief aim, where Dr. Vogel, the first and only Euro- pean who had reached it before, had been put to death by the King. The dominions of this cruel despot were crossed by Dr. Nachtigal from west to east, and from north to south, after which the traveller ar- rived in Darfur (until that time an almost inaccessible country) in the spring of 1874, just when Egypt hiad prepared for war against it. The doctor, however, succeeded in making his escai)e before the out- break of hostilities, travelled through Kordofan to Khartoum, and arrived in Nov., 1874, at Cairo. Dr. Nachtigal collected aii enormous amount of linguistic, historical, and ethnographic^ details, worked up with great precision and skill in a work entitled " Sahara und Sudan Ergebnisse sechsjahriger Beisen in Afrika" ("Sahara and Soudan, Eesults of six years wanderingfs in Africa/') Vol. I., 1879. Dr. Nach- tigal was elected President of the German African Society in 1876, and in the same year he received the gold medal of the French Geo- graphical Society. He is President of the Geographical Society of Ber- lin. In March, 1882, ho was ap-

pointed Interim German Consul at Tunis.

NAPIEE AND ETTEICK (Baron), The Eight Hon. Feancis Napieb, K.T., eldest son of the 8th baron, born Sept. 15, 1819, succeeded his father Oct. 11, 1834. He was made Attach6 to the Embassy at Vienna in 1840, and held diplomatic posts at Teheran and Constantinople, to which place he returned as Secre- tary of Embassy in 1854, after having been Secretary of Legation at Naples and St. Petersburg. In 1857 he was appointed British Minis- ter at Washington, whence he was removed, Dec. 13, 1858, to the Hague ; going Dec. 11, 1860, to St. Peters- burg ; and Sept. 15, 1864, to Berlin. He was Governor of Madras from Jan. 31, 1866, till Jan., 1872, and was then acting Viceroy of India, pro tempore, after the assassination of Lord Mayo. Having returned to England he acted as President of the Social Science Association at the meeting held at Plymouth in tho autumn of 1872. He also pre- sided over the education section of the same Association at the meet- ing held at Glasgow in Oct., 1874. After his return to this country Lord Napier and Ettrick took an active part towards bringing about a reform in the municipal govern- ment of the metropolis, and he became an energetic worker in the London School Board, of which he was a member.

NAPIEE OF MAGDALA (Babon), The Eight Hon. Sib Egbert Cobnelips Napieb, G.C.B., G.C.S.I., son of Major C. F. Napier, Eoyal Artillery, by Catherine, daughter of Codirington Carrington, Esq., of Blackmans, Barbados, was bom in Ceylon in ISIO. He re- ceived his education at the Military College, Addiscombe, entered the corps of Bengal Engineers in 1828, and served with distinction in the Sutlej campaign, at the conclusion of which, having attained the rank of Major, he was selected by the late Sir Henry Lawrence for the 3 Q VjOOQ iC