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 was a member of the Royal Commission appointed in 1881 to enquire into the condition of the London Hospitals for small-pox and fever cases, and into the means of preventing the spread of infection; and in 1882 he presided over the Health department at the Congress of the Social Science Association held at Nottingham. Sir Rutherford is the author of "Notes on the Medical History and Statistics of the British Legion of Spain," 1838; "Elements of Japanese Grammar," 1861; "The Capital of the Tycoon: a narrative of a Three Years' Residence in Japan," 2 vols., 1863; "Familiar Dialogues in Japanese, with English and French Translations," 1863; and "Art and Art Industries in Japan," 1878. He also edited, and added a concluding chapter to, "The Journey of Augustus Raymond Margary from Shanghae to Bhamo, and back to Manwyne," 1876; and he has been a frequent contributor to the Quarterly and Edinburgh Reviews.

 ALCOTT,, teacher and philosopher, was born in Wolcott, Connecticut, November 29, 1799. After a brief mercantile experience he began teaching, at first in Connecticut, afterwards (1828) in Boston, and ultimately in Concord, Massachusetts, where he still resides. Mr. Alcott's celebrity is founded not only on the success of his school and his methods of teaching, but also upon his fame as a philosophical thinker and conversationalist. In 1836 he published "Conversations with Children on the Gospels" (2 vols.); in 1868 "Tablets;" and in 1872 "Concord Days." A description of his school may be found in E. P. Peabody's "Record of a School" (1834).

 ALCOTT,, daughter of Amos Bronson Alcott, born at Germantown, Pennsylvania, in 1833. She began to write at an early age, and her first book, "Fairy Tales," was published in 1855. During the civil war she was a hospital nurse, and in 1863 published a volume of "Hospital Sketches," made up from letters which she had written to her family. In 1863 she became a contributor to the Atlantic Monthly. She has published several novels, among which are "Moods," 1864, "Morning Glories and other Stories," 1867, "Little Women," 1868, "An Old-Fashioned Girl," 1869, "Little Men," 1871; "Work: a Story of Experience," 1873; "Cupid and Chow-Chow: and other Stories," 1873; "Eight Cousins: or the Aunt Hill," 1875; "Silver Pitchers and other Stories," 1876; "Rose in Bloom," a sequel to "Eight Cousins," 1877; "Under the Lilacs," 1878; "Jack and Jill," 1880; and a series of short stories under the general title of "Aunt Jo's Scrap-Bag."

 ALDRICH,, born at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Nov. 11, 1836. He entered the counting-house of his uncle, a New York merchant, where he remained three years, during which period he began to write for the journals, and was afterwards for a time proofreader. He has contributed prose and verse to various periodicals, most of which have subsequently been published separately. Among the collected volumes are "The Bells," 1855; "The Ballad of Baby Bell and other Poems," 1856; "The Course of True Love never did Run Smooth," 1858; "Pampinea and other Poems," 1861; a volume of "Poems," 1865; "Cloth of Gold and other Poems," 1874; "Flower and Thorn," 1876; "Lyrics and Sonnets," 1880; and "Friar Jerome's Beautiful Book," 1881. Among his prose tales are "Daisy's Necklace and What Came of it," 1857; "Out of his Head, a Romance in Prose," 1862; "The Story of a Bad Boy," 1869; "Margery Daw," 1873; "Prudence Palfrey," 1874; "The Queen of Sheba," 1877; and "Stillwater Tragedy," 1880. He is now editor of the Atlantic Monthly, Boston. 