Page:Meditations of the Emperor Marcus Antoninus - Volume 1 - Farquharson 1944.pdf/433

 moment of life rests upon the belief that there is no breach in the continuity of Nature's process, and that from a moral point of view 'Death is one of Life's Offices'.

'''Ch. 3.''' A brief reminder of what is fully described at iii. 11.

'''Chs. 4–5.' The first explicit reference in the Meditations'' to the vitalistic or 'holist' view of the Universe, which is central in Stoicism. Against the mechanical atomism of Epicurus the Stoics took over from the early Ionian philosophy, mediated by one side of Plato's and Aristotle's doctrine, the belief that all bodies are animated, that a spirit runs through the whole Universe, and that each part of the whole, besides participating in the world-life, contains its own proper vital principle. Galen, the physician of Marcus, although opposed philosophically to Stoicism, held to vitalism in medicine very stoutly, so that his opinion in regard to bodily functions may have fortified the faith of Marcus, just as his optimism, so largely expressed in his great book, On the use of bodily organs, no doubt also did. As to the dissolution of all generated things, Marcus here expresses the view, ultimately derived from Heraclitus, that the Universe passes back to vapour, and so in the end to the primal Fire. Alternatively, on the Epicurean view, it continually breaks up into its constituent atoms. He adds (ch. 5) that the controlling Reason understands, so that even if Atomism be the true solution, we must believe that the courses of the atoms are ruled by law.

'''Chs. 6–7.''' The first aphorism is the converse of Plato's saying: 'The greatest retribution for evil doing is to be made like to evil men.' There is irony in the word 'retribution'; it could mean retaliation or revenge, as in Solomon's 'coals of fire'. The cynic Diogenes had said: 'How may I avenge myself upon my enemy? By becoming good myself.'

The second maxim also concerns our duty to our neighbour, but is positive in character. Marcus likes to dwell on the joy of kindliness, and since beneficence is a distinctive quality of the divine nature, there is special point in the words: 'Keeping God in remembrance.' Rh