Page:Medieval Military Architecture in England (volume 1).djvu/66

 50 MedicBval Military Architechire of England, Malcolm of Scotland, the husband of St. Margaret, was slain before Alnwick, then better known as Murielden ; and Mow- bray was driven from Tynewald Castle back upon Bamburgh, which seems to have been finally taken by means of a " mal- voisin," which in this instance was evidently an entrenched camp thrown up to the west of the castle, and employed pro- bably as the headquarters of a blockade. In this reign also the conquest of South Wales was completed, and the founda- tions laid of a chain of castles from Gloucester and Hereford to Pembroke, the main links of which were Chepstow and Abergavenny, Caerleon and Cardiff, Builth and Brecknock, Caerkennen, Caermarthen, Cardigan, Tenby, and Carew. How far these Welsh castles were at once constructed of masonry is uncertain. Besides Chepstow, two only, or at most three, and those subordinate, Ogmore, Penlline, and Newcastle, exhibit decided Norman features ; but however this may be, neither Fitz-Hamon, Newmarch, nor Arnulph of Montgomery were likely, in the face of foes so formidable, to be satisfied with defences in any way inferior to the strongest of that day. The reign of Henry I. was prolific in castles. It is pro- bable that to him is due the greater number of our extant rectangular keeps, by the construction of which he carried to completion the plans sketched out by his father, which his brother had been too busy and too much pressed to take in hand. In this reign, especially between 1114 and 1 121, most of the Welsh castles were completed. Bristol and Cardiff castles were the work of Robert Earl of Gloucester. Bishop Roger of Salisbury built Sherborne, Salisbury, the Devizes, and Malmesbury ; and his brother, Alexander of Lincoln, Sleaford and Newark. " Castella erant crebra per totam Angliam." Most of these were great and strong, very different from the hasty and unlicensed structures of the succeeding reign. Henry, like Rufus, commenced his reign with the taking of Winchester with its treasures. Flambard, who had been en- trusted with the great episcopal castles of Durham and Nor- ham, was imprisoned in the keep of London. The outlawry of Robert Malet and Robert de Lacy, in iioi, gave Henry their castles in Yorkshire and Suffolk; and in 1102 Ivo de Graintmaisnel was driven from his mound at Hinckley, and forced to fiee the country. Also the King obtained, by for- feiture, the castles of William de Warenne, though these were afterwards restored. Henry, in 1 103, laid his hands upon Arnulph de Montgomery's castle of Pembroke, and on those of Robert of Poitou, his brother, between the Ribble and the