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 264 MedicEval Military ArchitectitJ^e. The position is well chosen, having considerable local elevation. It is 928 feet above the sea, and commands extensive views, especially to the south and east. As the history of North Yorkshire is as yet unwritten, but little is known as to Bowes, save that both manor and castle were always held by the Earls of Richmond. King John, that most restless of monarchs, was at the castle on the i6th February, 7th of his reign, that is, in 1206, when he thence, " apud Bouas," addressed a mandate to the Foresters of Nottingham, and again, according to Mr. Hunter's itinerary, i6th June, in the 14th year of his reign, 1212. "The Earls of Richmond," says Camden, "here levied a through toll, and set up a gallows." Rymer also gives a charter of Henry in. to Peter, Earl of Richmond, dated 25th March, 1262, granting and confirming to him, with other lands, "Villas de Richemund et Boghes, cum castris et wapentachiis, et omnibus ahis pertinentiis suis;" and "Bowes castrum" was held of Peter of Savoy, 10 Edward I., and "Bowes Manerium " of John le Dreux the elder. Earl of Richmond, 13 Edward I. 19 Edward L, William de Felton was put in charge of Richmond and Bowes, &c., for the King. John le Dreux, Earl of Richmond, had it 5 Edward HI. 36 Edward III., Margaret de Dacre died, seised of Bowes manor, as, 4 Henry VI., did Joan, widow of John de Gray, Chevalier; and, 14 Henry VI., John Duke of Bedford. 22 Henry VL, two parts of the manor or lordship of Bowes were held by John Duke of Somerset. Its ])resent owner is Mr. Pulleine of Clifton. Mention is made of a Bowes in Northumberland in the reign of Edward HI. and of a tenement called Bowes in Boulne in Sussex, 4 Henry IV. The castle was probably built late in the 12th century, and dismantled by either Charles or the parliament in the 17th century. It is a very good example of a late Norman keep. The mill, the almost invariable appendage of an early castle, stood upon the river Greta. THE CASTLE OF BRAMBER, SUSSEX. OF the shires of England there is none more intensely English than Sussex. Its name, the names of the most central of its two capital towns, of its principal and secondary divisions, of its parishes, and in a very remarkable degree of its inhabitants, are but little changed from those they bore on the eve of the Conquest, and when under the sway of Godwin and Harold. Even the not in- frequent marks of Norman occupation, in the form of parish churches, abbeys, and castles of great strength and durability, were many of them grafted upon foundations dating from the days of