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The following NTAC staff are acknowledged for their contributions to the project: Jason Besser, Wade Buckland, Dr. Aaron Cotkin, H. Cronig, Kristy Domingues, Dr. Elizabeth Duemig, Meaghan Duffy-Deno, Allanah Hund, Joyce Iwashita, Michael Kapuscinski, Shannon Keys, Katie Lord, Kevin T. Maass, Arlene Macias, Jeffrey McGarry, Jessica Nemet, Dr. Thomas O’Brien, Kaitlyn Olivier, Kevin Plourde, Lauren Ravekes, Dr. Joshua Ryan, Ashley Smolinski, and Natalie Vineyard. The authors further thank Dr. Peter Langman and the staff of the RAND Corporation’s Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center.

U.S. Secret Service U.S. Department of Homeland Security

January 2023

This publication is in the public domain. Authorization to copy and distribute this publication in whole or in part is granted. However, the U.S. Secret Service star insignia may not be otherwise reproduced or used in any other manner without advance written permission from the agency. While permission to reprint this publication is not necessary, when quoting, paraphrasing, or otherwise referring to this report, the citation should be: National Threat Assessment Center. (2023). Mass Attacks in Public Spaces: 2016 - 2020. U.S. Secret Service, Department of Homeland Security.