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Rh publicity and open dealing instead of lies, and justice instead of egotism.—Guizot's ''Hist. de la Civilisation en Europe'', xi. p. 307.

36 The late Lord Lytton delivered a highly interesting address, on National and Individual Morality Compared, when he was Lord Rector at Glasgow, and he said this about the case of the Duc d'Enghien: 'The first Napoleon committed many such offences against private morality. But the language of private morality cannot be applied to his public acts without great limitations. The kidnapping of the Duc d'Enghien, and his summary execution after a sham trial, was about as bad an act as well could be. But I should certainly hesitate to describe it as a murder in the ordinary sense. Morally, I think, it was worse than many murders for which men have been tried and punished by law. But I do not think that the English Government in 1815 could, with any sort of propriety, have delivered up Napoleon to Louis XVIII., to be tried for that offence like a common criminal.'

37 Life and Writings of Joseph Mazzini (ed. 1891), vi. 275-6.

38 Popular Government. By Sir Henry Maine. 1885, p. 99.

A recent German pamphlet (Promachiavell, von Friedrich Thudichum: Stuttgart, 1897) hopes for a second Machiavelli, who will trace out for us, 'with rich experiences and a genial artistic hand,' the inner soul of the Jesuit, and of the Demagogue, p. 107.

39 See an interesting chapter by Professor Nys of Brussels, Les Publicistes Espagnols du 16ième Siècle (1890).

40 Nys, Les Précurseurs de Grotius, p. 128.

During the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries Machiavelli's maxims became the centre of a large body of literature, of which the reader will find a full account in Ferrari's ''Hist. de la Raison d'Etat'', part. ii. 5253-41.

41 The reader who seeks a competent appreciation of Calvin from the modern point of view will find it in M. Emile Faguet's Seizième Siècle (pp. 127-197), and in Mark Pattison's Essays ('Calvin at Geneva' ii. 1-41). Sic de Calvino scripsimus,' says one of them, quoting an old commentator, neque amici neque inimici.' No bad frame of mind towards all such great distant figures.