Page:Lowell Hydraulic Experiments, 4th edition.djvu/91

 PART II. EXPERIMENTS ON THE FLOW OF WATER OVER WEIRS, AND IN SHORT RECTANGULAR CANALS.

120. laws governing the flow of water over weirs, have received the attention of several distinguished engineers and men of science, among whom may be named Smeaton and Brindley in England; Du Buat, Navier, D’Aubuisson, Castel, Poncelet, Lesbros, and Boileau, in France; and Eytelwein and Weisbach in Germany. A great number of experiments have been made and recorded; the earlier ones rude and imperfect; the later ones, particularly those by Poncelet, Lesbros, and Boileau, with a perfection of apparatus previously unknown.

There has been in this branch of hydraulics, as well as in others, a steady advance with the accumulation of experiments and the improvement of the means of observation; the result, however, of these numerous labors, is far from satisfactory to the practical engineer. ‘On a careful review of all that has been done, he finds that the rules given for his use, are founded on the single natural law governing the velocity of fluids, known as the theorem of Torricelli; omitting, in consequence of the extreme complexity of the subject, all consideration of many other circumstances, which, it is well known, materially affect the flow of water through orifices. He finds also that it has been attempted to correct the theoretical expression thus found, by coefficients obtained by comparing the results derived from it, with those furnished by experiment; but when he comes to investigate these experiments, even after rejecting all excepting those made with the greatest care, and with apparatus capable of insuring the greatest precision, he finds such discordances in the resulting coefficients, that he loses all hope of arriving at correct results when he applies them on the great scale. They will undoubtedly furnish sufficiently accurate results, if the apparatus used is a repro-