Page:Limited contributions of released animals from zoos to North American conservation translocations.pdf/6

38 recent vision put forward by WAZA that “Every zoo and aquarium contributes to conservation-relevant research to further its conservation mission, and maximises opportunities to engage in conservation-relevant research” (Barongi et al. 2015). The government, academic, and nongovernmental organizations that commonly request, support or fund conservation translocations (Brichieri-Colombi & Moehrenschlager 2016) are more likely to recognise and approach zoos as credible partners in conservation translocations if zoos share their existing and newly developing expertise via the peer-reviewed scientific literature. Again, collaborations with other institutions (e.g., universities) may improve zoos’ publication output. Building on an inherent strength to make meaningful contributions to nature conservation should help zoos convincingly navigate their continued transition from (educational) entertainment parks to a genuine force for conservation.

 Acknowledgments

We thank T. Gilbert for her friendly review of our manuscript and 3 anonymous reviewers for their helpful feedback.

 Literature Cited

Amphibian Ark. 2017. Amphibian Ark: keeping threatened amphibian species afloat, Apple Valley, Minnesota. Available from http://www.amphibianark.org/ (accessed May 2018).

Armstrong DP, Hayward MW, Moro D, Seddon PJ. 2015. Advances in reintroduction biology of Australian and New Zealand fauna. CSIRO Publishing, Clayton, Australia.

AZA (American Association of Zoos and Aquariums). 2018. ConservaitonConservation [sic] funding, AZA. Silver Spring, Maryland. Available from https://www.aza.org/conservation-funding (accessed March 2018).

Bajomi B, Pullin AS, Stewart GB, Takacs-Santa A. 2010. Bias and dispersal in the animal reintroduction literature. Oryx 44:358–365.

Barongi R, Fisken FA, Parker M, Gusset M. 2015. Committing to conservation: the world zoos and aquarium conservation strategy. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland.

Beck BB, Rapaport LG, Stanley Price MR, Wilson AC. 1994. Reintroduction of captive-born animals. Pages 265–286 in Olney PJS, Mace GM, Feistner ATC, editors. Creative conservation: interactive management of wild and captive animals. Chapman & Hall, London.

Brichieri-Colombi TA, Moehrenschlager A. 2016. Alignment of threat, effort, and perceived success in North American conservation translocations. Conservation Biology 30:1159–1172.

C2S2. 2018. Conservation centers for species survival. C2S2, Glen Rose, Texas. Available from http://conservationcenters.org/ (accessed May 2018).

Carr N, Cohen S. 2011. The public face of zoos: images of entertainment, education and conservation. Anthrozoos 24:175–189.

Conde DA, Flesness N, Cotchero F, Jones R, Scheuerlein A. 2011. An emerging role of zoos to conserve biodiversity. Science 311:1390– 1391.

Conway WG. 2011. Buying time for wild animals with zoos. Zoo Biology 30:1–8.

Cromarty PL, Alderson SL. 2013. Translocation statistics (2002-2010), and the revised Department of Conservation translocation process. Notornis 60:55–62.

Dawson J, Patel F, Griffiths RA, Young RP. 2016. Assessing the global zoo response to the amphibian crisis through 20-year trends in captive collections. Conservation Biology 30:82–91.

Dimond WJ, Armstrong DP. 2007. Adaptive harvesting of source populations for translocation: a case study with New Zealand robins. Conservation Biology 21:114–124.

EAZA. 2018. EAZA documents. European Association of Zoos and Aquaria, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Available from https://www.eaza.net/about-us/eazadocuments/ (accessed March 26, 2018).

Gilbert T, Gardner R, Kraaijeveld AR, Riordan P. 2017. Contributions of zoos and aquariums to reintroductions: historical reintroduction efforts in the context of changing conservation perspectives. International Zoo Yearbook 51:15–31.

Godefroid S, et al. 2011. How successful are plant species reintroductions? Biological Conservation 144:672–682.

Griffith B, Scott M, Carpenter JW, Reed C. 1989. Translocation as a species conservation tool: status and strategy. Science 245:477–480.

Harding G, Griffiths RA, Pavajeau L. 2016. Developments in amphibian captive breeding and reintroduction programs. Conservation Biology 30:340–349.

IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) SSC (Species Survival Commission). 2013. Guidelines for reintroductions and other conservation translocations. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.

Kleiman DG. 1989. Reintroduction of captive mammals for conservation. BioScience 39:152–161.

Lees CM, Wilcken J. 2009. Sustaining the Ark: the challenges faced by zoos inmaintaining viable populations. International Zoo Yearbook 43:6–18.

Letty J, Marchandeau S, Aubineau J. 2007. Problems encountered by individuals in animal translocations: lessons from field studies. Ecoscience 14:420–431.

Lincoln Park Zoo. 2008. Avian reintroduction and translocation database. Licoln Park Zoo, Chicago.

Liu H, Ren H, Liu Q, Wen XY, Maunder M, Gao JY. 2015. Translocation of threatened plants as a conservation measure in China. Conservation Biology 29:1537–1551.

McHalick O. 1999. Translocation database summary. Biodiversity Recovery Unit DoC, Wellington, New Zealand.

Pauling CD, Lankford SE, Jackson VL. 2017. Fecal cortisol levels in scimitar-horned oryx, Oryx dammah, reveals differences between captive environments. Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 48: 1049–1057.

Penning M, et al. 2009. Turning the tide: a global aquarium strategy for conservation and sustainability. World Association of Zoos and Aquariums, Bern, Switzerland.

R Core Team. 2016. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna.

Seddon PJ, Armstrong DP, Maloney RF. 2007. Developing the science of reintroduction biology. Conservation Biology 21: 303–312.

Seddon PJ, Griffiths CJ, Soorae PS, Armstrong DP. 2014. Reversing defaunation: restoring species in a changing world. Science 345: 406–412.

Short. 2009. The characteristics and success of vertebrate translocations within Australia: a progress report to Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. Wildlife Research and Management, Kalamunda WA, Australia.

Skibins JC, Dunstan E, Pahlow K. 2017. Exploring the influence of charismatic characteristics on flagship outcomes in zoo visitors. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 22:157–171.

Soorae PS. 2008. Global reintroduction perspectives: re-introduction case-studies from around the globe. International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission Re-introduction Specialist Group, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Conservation Biology Volume 33, No. 1, 2019