Page:Limited contributions of released animals from zoos to North American conservation translocations.pdf/4

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''Figure 1. The number of papers on North American conservation translocations published annually from 1974 to 2013: (a) papers that involved captive breeding relative to all conservation translocation relevant papers in the North American Conservation Translocation (NACT) database, (b) papers that mentioned captive breeding by zoos relative to papers involving any captive breeding, (c) papers authored by zoo employees relative to papers with no authors involved with zoos, and (d) trend in proportions of NACT captive breeding, captive breeding by zoos, and authorship of researchers associated with zoos.''

 slightly over time (r = −0.353, p = 0.019) (Fig. 1d) despite the increasing annual number of articles (Fig. 1a). Zoos have contributed animals toward releases of only 14% (40) of all animal species featured in published conservation translocations, and 25% of translocated species sourced from captive-bred populations, and this proportion has not changed significantly over time (r = 0.229; p = 0.135). Of the articles that reported captive-bred source populations, 16% (126) mentioned animals bred by zoos (Fig. 1b), and the proportion of zoo-bred source populations increased over time (r = 0.325, p = 0.0313) (Fig. 1d). Captive breeding by zoos was more likely to contribute to North American releases for amphibians (42%), terrestrial invertebrates (29%), mammals (19%), and birds (17%) than reptiles (15%), fish (2%), or marine invertebrates (0). Of the 54 zoos involved, 50 were in North America and 4 in Europe. Of the North American Zoos, 42 were AZA accredited, representing only 18% of 230 AZA institutions.

Zoo involvement of some kind was reported in 13% (242) of all 1863 conservation-translocation relevant papers. Zoo staff coauthored 5% of all papers in the NACT Conservation Biology Volume 33, No. 1, 2019