Page:Life histories of American Cynipidæ.pdf/8

 of different species showed alternation of generations in Cynipidæ to be a fact not to be questioned and presented the proof in a way which immediately attracted attention from biologists over the world. What Bassett and Walsh had proven for three American species was now proved for fourteen European species by direct observation of the complete life cycle and for five other species where the second form of the gall was obtained from the first, but the return experiments were not successful. Other facts of importance concerning the life histories of other species were reported at the same time. None of the later workers have equaled that number of life histories solved, nor can any amount of later work ever prove as important as was the convincing work done by Adler.

The life histories of other European species have been solved by Beyerinck, Schlechtendal, Kieffer, and others. In America, Bassett solved the life histories of four species, Walsh and Triggerson of one each, and now I can add information concerning three. other species. This, including two cosmopolitan species which Adler studied, totals ten or eleven American species of which the life cycles have been determined.

LIFE HISTORIES Aylax glechomæ (Linnæus)

The following includes only the most important of the many references in European literature, with a more complete bibliography of American literature.

[No name], 1656, Herbar. Portat., p. 709.

Cynips glechomæ, 1758, Syst. Nat., 10th Ed., p. 553.

Diplolepis glechomæ, 1805, Hist. Nat. Crust. & Ins., XIII, p. 207.

Aylax glechomæ, 1841, Zeitschr. f. Ent., III, p. 342. , 1910, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXVIII, p. 138, P1. xiv, figs. 1-3., 1910, Das Tierreich, XXIV, p. 667, figs. 347-348., 1918, N. Y. State Mus. Bull., CC, p. 183, figs. 198, 235 (1-3).

Aulax glechomæ, 1843, Zeitschr. f. Ent., IV, p. 412. , 1893, Cat. Hymen., II, p. 120. , 1911, Me. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull., CLXXXVII, p. 8., 1918, Amer. Nat., LII, p. 168.

Diastrophus glechomæ, 1862–1863, Jahrb. v. Natur. Nassau, XVII-XVIII, pp. 211, 212, 248. , 1881, Alternating Generations (Straton Edit.), p. 274.

Aulax glechomatis, 1868, Ent. Month. Mag., IV, p. 274.

Liposthenes glechomæ, 1869, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, XIX, p. 336. , 1915, Cat. Amer. Ins. Galls, pp. 25, 44.

Liposthenes glechomatis, 1874, Ent. Ann., p. 117.

Diastrophus similis, 1881, Can. Ent., XIII, p. 95. , 1885, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XII, pp. 294, 304; 1887, idem, XIV, p. 134. , 1893, Cat. Hymen., II, p. 109. , 1902, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, LII, p. 287. , 1903, Ohio Nat., III, p. 428, figs. 66-69; 1904, idem, IV, pp. 119, 120, 126, figs. 86, 106., 1916, Hymen. Conn., p. 436.

Aulax similis, 1902, Gen. Ins., Hymen., Cynip., p. 75.