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 "only a science progressing backwards can venture to assert that matter alone exists, and that its laws alone govern the world." It is none the less true that by establishing the continuity between inert matter and living matter, we thereby render probable the continuity between the world of life and the world of thought.

Matter and Energy.—Besides, and without any wish to enter into this burning controversy, it is only too evident that there is no agreement as to the terms that are used, and in particular as to "matter" and "laws of matter." It is not necessary to repeat that the geometrical mould in which Descartes cast his philosophy has long since been broken. The celebrated philosopher, in defining matter by one attribute—extension, does not enable us to grasp its activity, an activity revealed by all natural facts; and in defining the soul by thought alone, prevents us from seeking in it the principle of this material activity. This purely passive matter, consisting of extension alone, this bare matter was to Leibniz a pure concept. A philosopher of our own time, M. Magy, has called it a sensorial illusion. The bodies of nature exhibit to us matter clad with energy, formed by the indissoluble union of extension with an inseparable dynamical principle. The Stoics declared that matter is mobile and not immobile, active and not inert. Leibniz also had this in his mind when he associated it indissolubly with an active principle, an "entelechy." Others have said that matter is "an assemblage of forces," or with P. Boscovitch, "a system of indivisible points without extension, centres of force, in fact." Space would be the geometrical locus of these points.

In this conception the materialistic school finds the