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428 archiepiscopal sees, nine bishops' sees, one abbey "nullius," and three districts under vardapets (p. 431) in Russia, also two archbishoprics (Ispahan and Tabriz), and two vardapets' districts (Teheran and Hamadan) in Persia, bishoprics of Calcutta, "Europe," "America," a vardapet's district for Java, and one at Suczava (for Hungary and Bukovina). Outside this patriarchate, notably in Turkey, he seems to exercise little real authority (p. 422). But a concerted action of the whole Armenian Church, a national synod or such like, could only be undertaken by him. The title of this venerable Pontiff is, "the Servant of God N.N., Supreme Patriarch and Katholikos of all the Armenians." Formerly he was elected freely by his synod of auxiliary bishops Since 1878 the Russian Government has forced on the Armenians a new system, by which a body consisting of the synod, the monks of Etshmiadzin, one priest, and one layman from each Armenian see in Russia, Turkey and Persia elect two candidates, of whom the Czar appoints one. The Katholikos is always already a bishop. Nevertheless, he is solemnly ordained Katholikos in a service in which the holy Atsh (p. 416) is laid upon his head; there is also a real imposition of hands and anointing with chrism by twelve bishops. His Holiness lives in the large and splendid monastery at Etshmiadzin; he is assisted by a synod of seven auxiliary bishops, and by many committees and