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106 GREENLAND OR GREEN ISLAND Chapter IX, and the same is true of an accompanying narrative of experiences in Greenland about 1400. Another map of somewhat later date, by Sigurdr Stefansson, probably I59O 30 (Fig. 18), is a quite honest presentation of the traditional views of Icelanders at that time and is distinctly more modern than the Zeno map in the complete severance of Green- land from Europe and its union with the great western land mass which included Helluland, Markland, and Vinland, supposed to be divided by a fiord from "America of the Spaniards." Of course, that union with the Western continent is not precisely accurate and the eastward trend which he gives his great peninsula is still less so; but his map, often copied, remains a peculiarly interesting production. LIFE OF THE ICELANDIC COLONY To hark back to Adam of Bremen, the charges of special cruelty and predatory attacks on seafarers in the middle of the eleventh century awaken some surprise. The life of the people seems simple and innocent enough, as disclosed by their relics and remnants, which have been unearthed with great care. As seal bones predominate in their refuse piles, this offshore supply must have been their greatest reliance for animal food; but they had also sheep, goats, and a small breed of cattle. They spun wool and wove it; they carved vessels of soapstone, sometimes with decoration; they milked cows and made butter; they exported sealskins, ropes of walrus hide, and walrus tusks; they paid tithes to the Pope in such commodities; they boiled seal fat and made seal tar; they gathered tree trunks as driftwood far ^Thormodus Torfaeus: Gronlandia Antiqua, seu veteris Gronlandiae descriptio, Copenhagen, 1706, Tabula II, after p. 20. Also reproduced by Gustav Storm: Studies on the Vineland Voyages, MBmoires Soc. Royale des Antiquaires du Nord (Copenhagen), N. S., 1884-89, pp. 307-370 (map on p. 333); by Fridtjof Nansen: In Northern Mists, Vol. 2, p. 7; and by W. H. Babcock: Early Norse Visits to North America, Smithsonian Misc. Colls., Vol. 59, No. 19, Washington, D. C. t 1913, map facing p. 62; by Hovgaard, op. cit., opp. p. 118. These are two versions, the one appearing in Torfaeus (1706), reproduced herewith (Fig. 18) and by Nansen, the other a copy of about 1670 belonging to Bishop Thordr Thorlaksson, now preserved in the Royal Library of Copenhagen (Old Collection, No. 2881, 4to), of Stefans- son's original map, which was lost. The earlier version is reproduced by Storm, Babcock, and Hovgaard.