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 Philip II.— Annexes Portugal, 58, 145, 166; policy, 129; inquisition in the Netherlands, 144-5; preparation for the Armada, 153; refuses Elizabeth's terms, 154; and the League, 165-6; death of, 170

Philip IV.— Infanta married to Lewis XIV., 235; will regulating succession, 238, 249, 250, 251

Philip V.— Acknowledged by England, 255; position during the war, 259-60; results of the Succession War, 262; desire to regain Gibraltar, 273

Philip, the Landgrave, and Luther, 105

Philippines, annexation to Spain, 66

Philippson, cited, 161

Piccolomini, made field-marshal, 192

Piccolomini, Æneas Sylvius. See Pius II., Pope

Piedmont, social question, 303

Pilsen, Wallenstein at, 192, 193

Pirkheimer, death of, 105

Pisa, Council at, 46

Pitt (the Elder). See Chatham, Earl of

Pitt, William, Napoleon's Spanish check predicted by, 23

Pius II., Pope (Æneas Sylvius Piccolomini), 77; attitude towards the Renaissance, 79; History, 80

Pius IV., Pope, closes Council of Trent, 122

Pius V., Counter-Reformation under, 122; and the Regent Catharine, 157

Pizarro, Francisco, conquests of, 69-70

Platina, History of the Popes, 80

Plato, 75, 76, 80

Plutarch, Pericles, 16

Plymouth, Duke of, death of, 215

Pocock, 15

Poggio, 80

Poland— Jesuits in, 115; Socinian Church in, 123; Counter-Reformation in, 124; Henry of Anjou elected king, 161; religious toleration in, 182; peace with Gustavus of Sweden, 188; aid for Austria, 243; overrun by Charles XII., 281; aristocracy and right of veto, 301; partition of, 279, 301-2

Pole, Cardinal, 72— Paul III. and, 109; and Justification, 110; at Council of Trent, 118-19; and the English heretics, 119; and Machiavelli, 142

Politian, 80

Politics— Relation to History, 2-3, 9-10; of the Renaissance, 80-81; ethics and, 173

Politiques, the, 172; origin, 163-4; principles, 171

Polo, Marco, 53

Polygamy, preached by Luther, 105

Pomerania, alliance with Gustavus, 188

Pompadour, Mme. de, 293

Pomponne, Minister to Lewis XIV., 241-2

Poniatowski, Stanislas, 301

Port Mahon, conquest of, 262

Port Royal, suppression of, 115

Portocarrero, Cardinal, and will of Charles II., 252

Portugal— Expansive policy, 37, 52-70; early trade with India, 56, 58; annexed to Spain, 58, 145, 166; Inquisition in, 59, 121; treatment of pagans, 59; Brazil obtained, 64; treaty of Tordesillas, 64

Pragmatic Sanction, the, 291

Prague— Window outrage at, 183-4, 198; army of the League at, 185; Lutheran peace at, 193; victory of Frederic II. at, 296

Presbyterians— And the Civil war, 203; under the Restoration, 204, 209; excluded from the Long Parliament, 207

Press, liberty of the, 219, 276

Preston, Scots surrender at, 269

Pride, Colonel, 204

Prierias, Silvester, defence of Indulgences, 92-3

Printing, inveutioninvention [sic] of, 83

Prisons, reformation of, 303

Privileged altars, 91

Privy Council, the, 264

Procopovitch, religious changes made by, 284

Protection, 230

Protestantism. (See also Calvinism and Lutheranism)— Origin of name, 106; Jesuits fight against, 115; Council of Trent and, 118-19; disappearance from Italy, 122-3; the League, 126; strength in France, 156, 172; suppression in Bohemia, 185; and the Edict of Restitution, 187-8; results of the Thirty Years' War on, 193-4; suppressed in France, 221, 223; effect of the Revocation on, 247

Prussia. (See also Frederic the Great)— Rise of, 285-9; first king of, 287; under Frederic William I, 288-9