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 Odescalchi. See Innocent XI., Pope

Oldmixon, 226

Oñate, Spanish envoy, 192

Oquendo, Admiral, 153

Oratorians, 114

Order of Christ, 52

Orders in the Church, creation of new, 114

Orleans, Duchess of, 247

Orleans, Duke of. See Lewis XII.

Orleans, siege of, 159

Ormonde, Duke of— Supplants Marlborough, 261; deserts Eugene, 262; in the Jacobite rising, 269

Ormuz, fortress of, 57

Orvieto, Clement flees to, 139

Orvilliers, d', 313

Osnabrück, 193

Ossat, Cardinal d', 170

Ossuna library, the, 15

Ostermann, Peter the Great and, 280

Otis, James, speech of, 307

Otranto, seized by Mahomet, 35

Ottoman Conquest, the, 34-7

Oudenarde, battle of, 260

Oxenstiern and Gustavus, 190, 191; and Wallenstein, 191

Oxford and Charles I., 203

Pacheco, Duarte, defends Cochin, 56

Pacification, Acts of, 171

Padua, siege of, 45

Palatinate, the, Calvinism in, 136

Pamphili, family of, 226

Pappenheim, 190-91; siege of Magdeburg, 188

Parentucelli. See Nicholas V., Pope

Paris— Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 160; and the League, 165; opposition to Henry IV., 167, 168; siege of, 168-9

Parliament— Long, 205, 207, 208, 216; the Convention, 208; Septennial Act, 270-71; "All the Talents," 275; reports of debates, 276; the "Unreported," 276

Parma, Duke of. See Farnese

Parsons, 209

Partition Treaty, the First, 250; the Second, 252

Party, Government by, 264-8, 274-6

Paruta, ambitions for Venice, 45

Passive Obedience, Luther defends, 104

Pater, cited, 76

Patkul, agent of Augustus of Saxony, 279

Paul III., Pope, 88, 109, 121

Paul IV., Pope— Introduction of Inquisition, 110; and the Theatines, 114; and Cardinal Pole, 119; and the Index, 120; Roman rejoicings at death of, 122

Paul V., Pope, quarrel with Venice, 173

Paul, Father, 108-9; cited, 119; History of the Council of Trent, 173-4

Pavia, battle of, 39, 47

Peace Conference at Ratisbon, 109

Peace of Religion, 123, 127, 129, 136, 165, 171, 181, 183; of St. Germain, 161; of Westphalia, 193; of the Pyrenees, 233; of Nimeguen, 240; of Ryswick, 250; of Utrecht, 290

Pearson, 78

Pedro, Regent Dom, 53

Peel, Sir Robert, 9

Peerage Bill, the, 271

Peers, exclusion of Catholic, 214; trial of, 215

Penal Laws— Beginning of the, 152; James I. and the, 197; declared inoperative under Charles II., 212

Penn, William, 136; and James II., 219, 223

Pennsylvania, government of, 311

Perez, Juan, Franciscan, 62

Perpetual Edict, the, 237; repealed, 241

Persian Gulf, closed by Albuquerque, 57

Perth, cited, 227

Peruzzi, 82

Pescara, 48, 49

Petavius, Father, Jesuit, 117

Peter the Great— Internal policy, 277-9, 282-7; Polish policy, 279; journey through Europe, 280-81; personality, 280-81; mutiny of the Strelitz, 281; possession of Baltic coast, 281; founding of St. Petersburg, 281-2; assumes title of Emperor, 282; Austrian policy, 282; reformation of the aristocracy, 282-3; domestic policy, 283; abolition of the Patriarchate, 284; reformed government established, 284; religious policy, 284

Petition of Right, 201

Peto succeeds Cardinal Pole, 119

Petrarca and the Latin restoration, 72-4

Petre, the Jesuit, 227

Pfefferkorn— Jewish persecutions, 85; attack on Reuchlin, 86-7

Philadelphia, convention at, 31