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 Catholics— Measures at Diet of Spires, 106; results of the Thirty Years' War on, 194; under James I., 197-8; under Charles I., 210; under James II., 220-21; promises of William of Orange, 225-6; in Prussia, 286

Cato, 25

Caussin, Jesuit, 116, 178

Cavendish, report of Parliamentary debates, 276

Celibacy of the clergy, 90

Celle, Duke of, 266

Cervera, 153

Cervina, elevation to the Papacy, 121-2

Cesarini, Cardinal, 90

Chaise, Père La, 214

Champel, 135

Charlemagne, 82

Charles, Archduke of Austria, 186, 252, 260, 262

Charles I. of England— Policy, 201-2; execution, 202, the Civil War, 203

Charles I. of Spain. (See also Charles V.)— Election, 47; sack of Rome, 48-9; enthroned as Emperor Charles V., 50

Charles II. of England— Reaction under, 204-6; Restoration, 204, 207; conditions for return, 207; Treaty of Dover, 210-15; Declaration of Indulgence, 212; Test Act, 212; Writs of Assistance, 307

Charles II. of Spain— Accession of, 236; death, 252-3; will of, 253

Charles V., Emperor— Slave trade under, 67-8; at Diet of Worms, 99-101; at Diet of Augsburg, 106-7; and the Index, 120; attitude towards German Reformation, 126-9; and the Peace of Religion, 128-9, abdication of, 129; flight before Maurice, 136; invasion of Rome, 138; peace with the Pope, 140; and the English divorce, 141

Charles VI., Emperor, protects Alexis, 283; policy, 290; death, 291

Charles VIII. of France— Conquest of Naples, 38-9; Treaty of Barcelona, 39-40; death of, 40

Charles IX. of France— Minority of, 157 et seq.; treaty with Elizabeth, 158; massacre of St. Bartholomew, 159-63; murder of Coligny, 159-60

Charles XII. of Sweden, 280, 281

Charlottenburg, 300

Chatham, Earl of— American speeches, 217; "King's Friends," 275; resignation, 276; continental policy, 295-6; alliance with Frederic II., 299-300; sympathy with the Colonists, 309; death, 313

Chatillon, Duke of, 160

Chieregato, Bishop, Memoirs, 108

Chigi, family of, 226

China, early Indian trade, 55; Jesuits in, 115

Christian IV. of Denmark, 185-6

Chrysoloras, 75

Chuquet, Wars of the Revolution, 18

Church and State, separation, 91, 107

Church of England, John Robinson and, 206

Cicero, 72

Civil war in England, division of the country, 203; results, 205

Clarendon, Lord, 163; policy, 209

Clausewitz, 298

Clément, Jacques, assassinates Henry III., 167

Clement, St., 78

Clement VI., Pope, 93

Clement VII., Pope— Imprisonment and sack of Rome, 48-9, 107, 139, 142; and the Reformation, 109; and the Jews, 112; and the divorce question, 139-40

Clement VIII., Pope, 197

Clement XI., Pope, 253

Cleveland, Duchess of, 227

Coburg, Castle of, 106

Cochin, 56

Cochlæus, 105

Coimbra, 247

Coire, Provost of, cited, 106

Coke, Sir Edward, 199

Colbert, Jean Baptiste, 12, 234, 239, 244

Coleman, Secretary to Duchess of York, 213, 246

Coligny, Admiral, policy of, 158; murder of, 159-60

Cologne, Abp. of, 181

Cologne, Jewish persecutions, 85

Columbus, Christopher, 3-4, 60-64

Commonwealth, results of the, 205

Commynes, 19, 195

Compagni, Dino, 16

Comte, 11, 22

Concini and Mary of Medici, 175

Conclave, establishment of the, 50

Concordat of Bologna, 47