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 One consequence of 6(a) is that smaller spatial grids also require shorter time steps. This means that the computational resources required to implement simulations at a constant speed increase not arithmetically, but geometrically as the simulation becomes more precise. Smaller grid cells--and thus more precision--require not just more computation, but also faster computation; the model must generate predictions for the behavior of more cells, and it must do so more frequently.

Implementing either an atmospheric or oceanic general circulation model is a careful balancing act between these (and many other) concerns. However, the most sophisticated climate simulations go beyond even these challenges, and seek to couple different fully-fledged circulation models together to generate a comprehensive CGCM.

6.2.1 Coupling General Circulation Models

We can think of CGCMs as being “meta-models” that involve detailed circulation models of the atmosphere and ocean (and, at least sometimes, specialized terrestrial and cryosphere models) being coupled together. While some CGCMs do feature oceanic, atmospheric, cryonic, and terrestrial models that interface directly with one another (e.g. by having computer code in the atmospheric model “call” values of variables in the oceanic model), this direct interfacing is incredibly difficult to implement. Despite superficial similarities in the primitive equations underlying both atmospheric and oceanic models--both are based heavily on fluid

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