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488 U, the letter, derivation of, 465.

Ugrian, or Finno-Hungarian, branch of Scythian language, 309, 320, 361; age, literature, etc., 314.

Uigur Turkish language, 311, 313; alphabet, 313, 462.

Ulfilas, Gothic bishop, 213.

Umbrian language, 165, 220.

understand, 113, 133.

Unity of the human race, not demonstrable by evidence of language, 383-94.

Ural-Altaic family—see Scythian.

Urdu language, 224.

Usage, the sole standard of correct speech, 14, 32, 36-40, 128; good and bad usage, 16-17, 22.

Usbeks, language of 311.

V, the letter, derivation of, 464, 465, 466.

Value of language, 440-47.

Variety of expression for same thought, 407-9.

Variety of human races, not demonstrable by evidence of language, 384-5.

Vater, referred to, 4.

Vedas, Hindu scripture, and their language, 225-7.

Vei language and alphabet, 346.

vend, 262

Vendidad, geographical notices in, 201 note.

Verbal roots, 259.

Verbs and verbal forms, their development in Indo European languages, 266-70; Semitic verb, 303; Scythian, 319-20; Polynesian, 338; question whether verbs or nouns are earliest, 423-6.

verity, 178.

viz., 459.

Vocabulary, different extent of, in persons of different age and condition, 18-20; changes of, 25-7; its increase, 25-6, 41, 139; its reduction, 27, 98-100, 139; impregnation with fuller knowledge, 123, 141; enrichment by borrowing, 143-5.

Vocabulary, English, its extent, 18; part of it used by different classes, 18-20; found in Shakspeare and Milton, 23; its changes, 25-7, 140-47.

Vocabulary, primitive Indo-European, attempted restoration of, 205-6.

Voice, as means of expression, 421-3.

Volga, Mongol tribes on, 312.

Volscian language, 220.

Voltaire on etymology, 386.

Vowel and consonant, relation of, 39, 91.

Vowels, changes of value of, 94-5; classification and harmonic sequence of, in Scythian languages, 318; imperfect designation of, in some alphabets, 461-3.

W, the letter, derivation of, 466.

Wallachian language, 189, 218.

was, 115.

Wedgwood, Professor H., referred to, vi. note.

Welsh language, 190, 217-18.

which, 57.

who, relative, 115.

whole, 242.

will and shall, 86, 118.

Woguls, language of, 309.

women, 468.

Words, mere signs, not depictions of ideas, 20-22, 32, 70-71. 111; the sole tie between words and ideas a mental association, 14, 32, 409; words posterior to the conceptions they represent, 125-6, 411-12; their value to us dependent on conventional usage, not etymology, 14, 128-9, 132—4, 404, 409; how far we think in or with words, 410-20; word—making a historical process, 126-9; history of words, why studied, 129; linguistic science founded on their study, 54-5; its method, 238-9, 247-8; words made up of elements originally independent, 55-67; their phonetic changes, 69-98; their changes of meaning, 100-121; identity of words and roots in monosyllabic langunges, 330-31.

work, 30.

Wotiak language, 309.

Writing, auxiliary and complement of speech, 447; parallelisms between its origin and history and those of speech, 448, 449, 451, 453, 456, 457, 458, 459; desire of communication its primary impulse, 448; not at first connected with and subordinated to spoken language, 449; its forerunners and historical beginnings, 449-50; picture-writing, 450-52; hieroglyphs, 452 seq.; Egyptian writing, 452-5; Chinese, 455-9; cuneiform, 459-60; syllabic, 460-61; Semitic or Phenician, 461-3; Greek and its derivatives, 463 seq.; Latin, 465; English, 466.

wrong, 113.