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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Where in the plane of life do muscles first appear? 1283. What are the three varieties of muscles? 1283. How many muscles are there in the human body? 1283. What governs the naming of the muscles? 1283. When a muscle acts, does it expand or contract? 1283-4.

GRISTLE.

What is the common name for cartilage? 806. What use is served by temporary gristles? 806. What uses are served by permanent gristles? 806.

SKIN.

Of what does skin consist? 1764. What is the composition of the dermis? 1764. How are the scales of the epidermis removed and renewed? 1764. What gives color to the skin? 1764. What and where are the sweat glands? 1764. What are some of the outgrowths from the epidermis? 1764. What are the offices of the skin? 1764. If the body should be covered with varnish or leaf metal, what would

be the result? 1764.

NERVES.

What are the nerves? 1320.

What are the two kinds of nervous tissue? 1320. How many cranial nerves are there? 1320. How many spinal nerves are there? 1320. What is the difference in the development of the motor and sensory

nerves? 1320-21. What is the course of the twelve pairs of cranial nerves? 1321.

HAND.

How do the fore limbs in the different vertebrates compare? 833. Of what does the hand proper consist? 833. How many bones are there in the human hand? 833. How do philosophers regard the adaptability of the hand? 833.

FOOT.

What is the structure of the human foot? 690. What is a plantigrade foot? 690. What is a digitigrade foot? 690. What animals stand upon a single toe? 690. What are the odd-toed animals? 690. What is the history of the horse's modified foot? 690.

TEETH.

Why are teeth important to naturalists in classifications? 1880. Why are they important to students of fossil life? 1880. What is the structure of the teeth of mammals? 1880. What is the hardest substance in the human body? 1880. How many teeth has man? 1880. What are the four kinds of teeth? 1880. What are the two sets of teeth? 1880.

CELL DOCTRINE.

What two men originated the cell doctrine? 68, 355. What is this doctrine? 355.

Why may cells be regarded as the bricks of organic structure? 355. Are cells uniform in size or shape, or do they vary? 356. To what tissues was this theory first thought to be limited? 356. What was it gradually seen to include? 356. What wrong  idea   did   Schleiden  and  Schwann  have  regarding  the *

cells? 356.

What live substance fills the cells? 356. Who established the protoplasm theory? 356, 1554. In the light of this theory, how is the cell defined? 1554. Is all protoplasm alike? 1554. How are new cells derived? 356.

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