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THE  STUDENT'S  MANUAL

a. How plants obtain food:

" (1) Absorption:  by which materials are taken into the plant body 5.

(2) Aeration:  means for taking in and expel-

ling air and dioxid 18.

(3)  Respiration:   by which energy is set free

in the plant 1602.

(a) Ascent  of  water

through vascular system 2051.

(b)  Transpiration     o r

of water by evaporation 1936.

(c)  Turgor or pressure

of  water  within the cells 1954.

(1)  Metabolism: all the chemical processes of

the living organism 1210.

(2)  Digestion:   changing insoluble foods to so-

luble or soluble to simpler forms 532.

(a) Enzymes: or soluble ferments 620.

(b) Fermentation:   decomposition   of   sub-

stances by living plants 656.

(3) Secretion:   substances separated from the

protoplasm 123.

(4) Assimilation:    changing  foods   into  proto-

plasm 123.

(5)  Foods:    materials  used  in  formation  and

repair of plant-body 690; carbohydrates 332; proteids 1553.

(6)  Photosynthesis:    the   process   of   making

sugar  and   starch   food   1479;   chloro-plast 393;  chlorophyll 393. c. How plants grow:

(1) Growth:   alteration of form,  increase  in size  808. 2. REPRODUCTION:  making   new   plants   1601.

( (1) Gemmae:    mass of cells producing a new body 742.

(2)  Runner:   a branch which takes root at the

tip 1643.

(3)  Rootstock:   underground stem  sending up

shoots 1633; tuber 1943.

(4) Grafting: propagation by a budbearing por-

tion of plant 789. b. Reproduction by means of spores:  1803.

(1)  Pollination: transfer of pollen from stamen to stigma 1518.

(2) Conjugation:  union of sexual cells which are alike in appear-

ance 443.

(3) Fertilization:   union of unlike cells, sperms and eggs 657.

(4)  Germination:   ( 1. Formation of new plants   by spores.

760.             \ 2. Formation of plant from   seed.

IV. ECOLOGY.

General Reference: the relation of plants to their environment 580.

1. MOVEMENTS IN   PLANTS:    1273.

a. Motor organ:   portion of leaf stalk sensitive to a stimulus 1271.

b. Irritability:    a   condition

of protoplasm in which it undergoes a change 943; sensitive plants 1734.

(4) Water transfer:

b. How plants utilize their food:

a. Vegetative   propagation:

1552.

(1) The  stimulus:   a change in the surround-

ings.

(2) The   reaction:   the   consequent  change  in

the protoplasm.

(3) The death of plants:  a loss of irritibility.

2272