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THE STUDENT'S MANUAL

United States Courts: Federal courts including the supreme court, court of claims, commerce and district courts. Supreme court, how constituted, its powers and duties, 467, 468. Circuit courts of two kinds, those of original jurisdiction and courts of appeal, number of circuit courts and circuit judges, 467,

District courts and their functions; relation of subordinate courts to the supreme court, and of Federal to state courts, 467. Federal courts subject to the constitution;  interpret the constitution and acts of congress. State courts interpreters of the constitution of the state, with power of deciding whether laws are constitutional, 468.

ELECTIONS

Regulated by law: Forms of ballot and how cast; difference between a majority and a plurality; primary elections, what they are and how regulated, 595. The Electoral College, 595, 596. Electoral votes, 1546. Australian ballot system, 144.

PARLIAMENT

The English Natipnal Assembly: House of Lords and House of Commons; titles of members of the House of Lords; inherited titles and crown appointments. House of Commons elected by the people; the speaker, how chosen. How parliament is called or dismissed, limit of sessions. Its decisions unchangeable by any court, 1424.

CIVIL SERVICE

Executive branch of government: English civil service separated into departments. Divisions of civil service in the United States. Number of positions in United States civil service. Civil service commissioners, their powers and duties; merit system; competitive examinations, how conducted; classes of service open to competitive appointment, 402, 403. TARIFF

First tariff in United States:  Statement of successive acts, their character and

effects, 1871.

POLITICAL ECONOMY

Definition:   Science relating to the production, distribution and exchange of wealth. First systematic exposition by Adam  Smith;   details  of his theory, its defects; changes which have taken place and their causes. Relation of political economy to ethics. High or low tariff a leading issue in United States, 1517, 1518. Free Trade, 713; Protection, 1553. TAXES

Purpose of taxation:  Methods of taxation in early times. Forms of taxation in United  States,  federal,   state and  municipal. Direct and indirect taxation. Effect of unjust and unfair taxation, 1874, 1875. Inheritance tax, 926. Income tax, 918.

Factory Legislation, 645. Child Labor Laws, 386.

Navigation Laws, 1313.

Monroe Doctrine, 1253, 1980.

2250