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WOLSEY

2104

WOMEN'S CLUBS

the king. For this campaign he received the thanks of Parliament and a gratuity of £25,000 "for courage, energy and perseverance.'5 He also received the freedom of the City of London and a sword valued at 100 guineas 1(1525). In 1875 he was gov-1 ernor of Natal; in 1880 quartermaster-general of the forces; and from 1882 to 1885 was adjutant-general. In 1882 he was in command of the expeditionary force in Egypt and of the Gordon relief expedition* Subsequently he was commander of the forces in Ireland, was raised to the rank of general (1882) and field-marshal (1894), and from 1885 to 1900 was com-mander-in-chief. Author of a Life of Marl-borough, The Decline and Fall of Napoleon and The Soldier's Pocket-jdookfor Field Service. He died March 25, 1913.

Wolsey (wobVzi), Thomas, an English cardinal, was born at Ipswich in Suffolk in March of 14 71. He secured an education at Oxford^ and became rector at Lymington. Through the influence of a friend he was made chaplain to Henry VII, with whom he became a favorite, and was appointed dean of Lincoln. When Henry VIII became king, Wolsey governed the kingdom. Honors were showered upon him. He was made bishop of Lincoln, archbishop of York and cardinal. In 1515 he was prime minister and lord high chancellor. He was successful in command of the royal army at Tour-nay, and effected a treaty in 1514 with Louis XII of France, which left England the first power in Europe, His income was enormous, and large sums were used in founding a college at Ipswich and Christ Church College at Oxford. Wolsey's efforts to obtain Pope Clement VII's permission for Henry's divorce of Queen Catherine were unsuccessful and lost him the royal favor, which alone had stood between him and those whom his splendid living and overbearing conduct had made his enemies. Anne Boleyn, whose marriage to the king he had opposed, with Norfolk her uncle, plotted his ruin. He was driven from court to his diocese in York, where he won the hearts of the people by his gracious manner. The king, too, showed signs of relenting, and his enemies, alarmed, had him arrested for high treason, but he died at Leicester Abbey on his way to London, Nov. 29, 1530. Consult Shakespeare's Henry VIII and Froude's History of England.

Wolver Hampton (wdbl'ver-hamp'turi), a market-town of Staffordshire, England, is

13 miles northwest of Birmingham, on a height which commands, a fine view toward Wales. The old church was founded in 996 and the free grammar-school in 1515. There are a corn-exchange, market-hall, agricultural hall, public baths, a free library, a cattle-market covering five acres and a large park. It is famous for the manufacture of hardware, especially iron implements, tools, locks, hinges, nails and kitchen furniture. It also has smelt ing-furnaces, iron and brass foundries, chemical works, dye-works, rope-walks, varnish-works and breweries. The town was named Wulfrunahamton in honor of Wulfruna, sister of Ethelred II, who founded the church and college in 996. Population 94,187'

Wol'verine', a carnivorous animal of the northern forests of Europe, Asia and America. There is only a single species. It is a member of the marten family, a member notorious as a glutton and a pest. It is remarkably cunning and a very successful thief. The trapper hates it, for again and again it will steal his bait and his capture. It will raid cabin and camp, destroying in wholesale fashion, seemingly from pure malice. The American form is about the size of a bull-dog. It has paws similar to those of a bear; the body is covered with shaggy hair of a blackish color, with pale bands along the sides of the body and one on the forehead. The body and limbs are stout, and the animal resembles a small bear. It climbs trees, and during the breeding-season forms burrows foi the mother. It feeds on squirrels, hares, foxes, grouse, reindeer and other animals. Michigan is called the Wolverine State from the occurrence of the wolverine in its forests. The animal is found in the northern Cascades, in the Rockies as far south as Great Salt Lake and in arctic America, abounding in portions of Alaska.

Wom'an's Chris'tian Tem'perance Un'ion. See TOTAL ABSTINENCE.

Woman's Relief-Corps, a patriotic society, dating from 1883, whose aim is to perpetuate the memory of the dead soldiers of the Civil War and to care for their dependents. The society, which has 150,000 members, has, it is said, expended over two million dollars in its aid to needy women and orphans of Union veterans. Like the Grand Army, after which it in part is modelled, it is divided into 35 or 40 departments and into lesser divisions termed corps, of which there are over 3,200. The order meets annually.

Women's Clubs. It is impossible to give data of the first woman's club but among the first to be organized were the Sorosis of New York City and the New England Woman's Club of Boston in 1868; the former by Mrs. Jennie C. Croly (Jennie June) and her co-workers and the latter by Mrs. Julia Ward Howe, Mrs. Mary A. Livermore and other progressive women.

LORD WOLSELEY