Page:LA2-NSRW-5-0052.jpg



shoes, carriages, woolen cloth and beer. Warsaw is first mentioned in history in 1224. It belonged to the dukes of Mazovia until 1526, when the land of the Mazurs was annexed to Poland. It was fought over continually by the Swedes, Russians, Brandenburgers and Austrians. In 1795 it was given to Prussia; in 1806 Napoleon's troops occupied it; in 1809 the Austrians; and the Russians finally obtained possession in 1813. Two unsuccessful rebellions against Russia occurred, one in 1834 and the last in 1863. The Russian government, determined to crush out utterly the spirit of independence, took severe measures, executing or banishing to Siberia the nobles and clergy and confiscating their property, carrying off in large bodies the tradesmen, closing the university, schools, monasteries and convents, and placing Russian officials in all places of power. The use of the Russian language was commanded, and even the name Poland was cut out of all legal documents. Population 764,054.   (värt′bōōrg), an old German castle, near Eisenach, in Saxe-Weimar. The Wartburg War is the name given to a contest of the principal minnesinger of Germany, which was held at the castle about 1206. The castle also is the scene of the legend of St. Elizabeth of Hungary, who was the wife of one of the landgraves of Thuringia, to whom it belongs. It is best known, however, as the place where Luther was hid after the Diet of Worms and where he translated the Bible into German. In 1817 the German students celebrated here the three hundredth anniversary of the Reformation. The castle was built in 1070.  , Earl of, called the king-maker, was born about 1420. He was a son of the earl of Salisbury, but through his wife obtained the estates and title of Earl of Warwick. In the Wars of the Roses he sided with the duke of York and won for him the battle of St. Albans, receiving in recompense the governorship of Calais and command of the English fleet for five years. At the battle of Towton, near York, the followers of Lancaster were gaining ground, when Warwick, riding up to Edward, duke of York, and getting down from his horse, which he shot in the head as a signal for an attack without retreat, said: "Sire, let him flee who will, but by this cross I will stand by him who will stand by me." The Yorkist party won, and Edward was crowned king in London, June 22, 1461. Edward's marriage with Elizabeth Woodville and that of his brother Clarence to Warwick's daughter made a breach between the two, which ended in the battle of Edgecote, where Edward was made a prisoner. After a partial reconciliation and another insurrection, Warwick openly deserted to the Lancastrian party under Queen Margaret, his son-in-law Clarence being promised the succession to the throne. Edward IV fled to Holland, and the imprisoned monarch Henry VI was restored, but only for a few months. Edward returned, with an army of 2,000 Englishmen; Clarence deserted Warwick and came to his aid; Henry was again sent to the Tower; and at the battle of Barnet Warwick's forces were defeated and Warwick was slain (April 14, 1471). He lived royally, owning 100 manors, the city of Worcester and the Islands of Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney and Sark. At his house in London six oxen were usually eaten at a breakfast, and he daily feel 30,000 guests. He is called The Last of the Barons. See Baronage of England by Dugdale and History of England by Lingard.  , town in Kent County, on the Pawtucket and Providence Rivers and Cowsett and Narragansett Bays, five miles from Providence. The town is made up of several villages, each containing graded schools, and some have libraries. The chief manufactories are cotton mills, flour and grist mills, blacksmith and wheelwright shops, foundry and machine shops. Warwick was established in 1642 by a colony of Englishmen, and bore the name of Shawomet. In 1848 admirers of the Earl of Warwick changed the name. It has the distinction of being the birthplace of Nathanael Greene (q.v.). It is served by the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad. Population 26,629.  , an American statesman, was born at Livermore, Me., in 1816. He studied law and began his practice at Galena, Ill., in 1840. He was in Congress from 1852 to 1869, and was called the Father of the House for his long service. He was minister to France during the Franco-Prussian War, and at the request of Germany very skillfully protected Germans who were residing in France at the time. He wrote Recollections of a Minister to France. He belonged to a family of statesmen, two of his brothers being in Congress with him, and the governors of Wisconsin and Maine, and another brother was United States minister at Paraguay. Elihu Washburne died at Chicago, where he spent the last years of his life, Oct. 22, 1887.  , the extreme northwestern state of the Union, abutting on the Pacific. The Columbia River, in the main, marks its southern boundary and separates it from Oregon. Its boundary on the west is the Pacific, on the east Idaho and on the north British Columbia, the Strait of Juan de Fuca separating it from Vancouver Island, a part of British Columbia. The Cascade Mountains traverse the state from north to south and extend southward into Oregon. The area of the state is 69,180 square miles,