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TUNNY

1952

TURANIANS

the Sutro tunnel at the Cpmstock mines, Nevada. The Hudson River tunnel to connect Jersey City and New York City is now being constructed by the Pennsylvania Co. to give its road access to New York City and Long Island. The entire work of construction is nearing completion and trains will run under the river on all lines in 1909. The tube between Hoboken and Christopher Street, New; York City, already is open. It is conservatively estimated that 77,000,000 passengers annually will travel through all four tubes of the Hudson tunnel system. It continues through a subway across the city and connects with one of the three tunnels under East River, a second connecting the street-car system of New York City with that of Long Island City and the third being the Brooklyn extension of the New York subway on from the Battery. (See NEW YORK CITY). The subway itself is 21 miles long, the greatest municipal undertaking of modern times, and is estimated to have cost $50,000,000. It has two tracks for expresses and two for local trains. In Chicago (q. v.) there is a subway with 45 miles of track in operation and 15 miles of extensions projected. It, however, is used only for freight-distribution in the business district. Among notable recent tunnels are those bored by the Southern Pacific Railroad at Santa Margarita, Cal., so as to extend their railroad along the coast from San Francisco to Los Angeles.

Tun'ny, a fish of the mackerel family, found in the Atlantic Ocean, and especially in the Mediterranean Sea. It is a very large fish, from nine to 20 feet long, sometimes weighing 1,000 pounds. It is thicker than the mackerel, dark blue, with silvery spots. The European variety is highly esteemed for food, and is caught in nets shaped like a funnel, the fish entering the wide mouth and being driven to the narrow end, where they are killed with lances and harpoons. Near Constantinople it appears in shoals so crowded that they are often taken by hand. The best tunny-fisheries are in Spain, Italy and Sardinia. The American tunny, found on the Atlantic coasts from New York to Nova Scotia, is black above and white below, and is used largely for oil, one fish sometimes yielding 20 gallons.

Tup'per, Sir Charles, G. C. M. G., Canadian statesman, was born at Amherst, Nova Scotia, July 2, 1821, and was educated at Edinburgh, Scotland, for the medical profession. From 1857 to 1860, having entered politics, he was a member of the executive council and provincial secretary of Nova Scotia, and from 1864 until federation he was prime minister. He was a strong advocate of Canadian federation, and in 1870 joined the Dominion cabinet, in which he held various portfolios and was one of the leaders of the Conservative party. As min-

SIR C. TUPPER

ister of railways and canals, he advocated the construction of the Canadian Pacific, for a time was finance-minister, was Canadian representative at the fisheries conference at Washington, D. C. (1887), and in 1896 became prime minister of the Canadian Dominion. From 1883 to 1887 he had been high commissioner for Canada in England. In the general election of 1896 his administration was defeated on the Manitoba school-bill. Mr. Tupper was knighted in 1879, created a baronet in 1888, and until recently was leader of the (Conservative) opposition in the Dominion house of commons. His son, Sir C. Hibbert Tupper, born in 1855, was minister of justice and attorney-general for Canada, 1895-6. He for a time was a member of the Canadian house of commons, representing Pictou, Nova Scotia. In 1892 he was created a K. C. M. G. for services rendered as agent of H. B. M, at the Pans Tribunal of Arbita-tion.

Tupper, Martin Farquhar, an English author, was born at London, July 17, 1810* He was a graduate of Oxford, and was admitted to the bar. In 1838 he published Proverbial Philosophy, which was very popular with the people, though ridiculed by the critics, and has passed through 40 edi« tions. His numerous works include Crock of Gold,' Hymns for All Nations; Stephen Lang' ton,' and Three Hundred Sonnets, none of which at all equaled his first work in popularity. He died on Nov. 29, 1889.

Tura'nians, one of the large divisions ot the human race. (Finno-Tartar and Ural-Altaic are other names for it.) It includes the Hungarians, Bulgarians, Lapps and Finns, with other tribes in Europe; the Samoyeds, living in the northern part of Asia; the Turks or Tartars, forming the largest division; the Mongols, divided into eastern Mongols and Buriats; and the Man-chus, the principal race of the Tungusian branch, the present ruling people in China. Of these various tribes, those living in Europe are the most advanced in languages and customs, and those in northern Asia are the lowest of the race. The name usually given to those related tribes is taken from the Persians, who, calling their own country Iran, named the countries north of it Turan. They sometimes are called Mongolian, Scythian or Tartaric races. The Turanian languages do not present the same unmistakable family likeness as the Aryan and Semitic groups, and scholars differ in re