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TRIPOLI

1943

TROLLEY-CARS

tial collegiate life.11 Sir John Beverley Robinson was its chancellor for ten years, and the Hon. John Hillyard Cameron for 14 years up to 1877. Rev. George Whittaker was its first Provost. In 1881 the Rev. C. W. E. Boddy succeeded him. Through his efforts St. Hilda's College (for women) was established. Dr. Boddy resigned in 1904 to accept the professorship of the Literature of the Old Testament in the General Theological Seminary, New York, and was succeeded by the Rev. E. A. Welch, a graduate of Cambridge. The present provost is the Rev. T. C. Macklem. Trinity Medical College, Ontario Medical College for Women and Toronto Conservatory of Music were affiliated with the University of Trinity College. After the passing of the federation act in 1887, which forms the basis of the new university constitution, Trinity accepted federation in 1903 and became a part of the federated University of Toronto. The buildings of Trinity College (Tudor front, carved stone ornamentation) are beautifully located in a park of 35 acres. Trinity's contribution during half a century to the cause of education in Ontario is inestimable.

Tripoli (trtp'd-tt), one of the Barbary states of North Africa, between the desert and the Mediterranean, with Benghazi covers ,398,900 square miles. The Atlas Mountains, wilich end here, run parallel to the coast and are lower than in the other Barbary states, being not more than 4,000 feet high. There are no rivers and very little rainfall, and vegetation must depend on the heavy dews. In the coastal regions, which are very fertile, cotton, grain and tropical fruits grow, while in the interior senna, dates and carrots aie grown and the lotus flourishes. Sheep and cattle are raised in large numbers, and the horses and mules are celebrated. Tripoli is a dependency of the Turkish empire, its governor being appointed by the sultan. The trade, once considerable, has declined since new routes through Central Africa have been opened and since the abolition of the slave-trade. Tripoli belonged to the Carthaginians, and was taken from them by the Romans; then it passed into the hands of the Arabs. It was taken by the Turks in 1552, and from them it was taken by Italy in 1911. Population estimated at about 600,000.

Trip'oli, a city of Africa and capital of the Turkish province of Tripoli, is on a point of rocky land projecting into the Mediterranean. It is the principal seaport, and is built with high walls and bastions, mosques, synagogues and Christian churches. It has some important manufactures, as leather, carpets and scarfs. It is the starting-point for caravans for the Sudan, which give it a large trade, though somewhat decreasing of late years. The people

are nearly all Mohammedan, but business mostly is in the hands of the Jews and Christians. Population 35,000.

Tri'reme, the name given anciently to a galley or vessel with three banks of oars. The oars were arranged in banks or rows, one above the other. The oars of the lowest rank were the shortest, and the rowers had the easiest work and the least pay. There was a small sail also that could be used with a good wind. The crew consisted of 200 men, and often they moved the vessel as swiftly as a modern steamboat. The crew was usually composed of convicts and of slaves, taken in war, and could hope for no release save that of death. The triremes were used in the Persian and Peloponnesian wars, but later the galleys were made with five banks of oars and called quinquerem.es. See GALLEY.

Tris'tan and Isolde'. A music-drama in three acts; words and music by Richard Wagner. Completed in 1859, an(i first performed in Munich in 1865 under the direction of Hans von Bulow (1830-94). The work was written during 1857-9 •— a period in which Wagner was also engaged on The Ring of the Niebelungen. Wagner entitled this opera Eine Handlung (an action). He uses the Celtic legend of Tristam and Iseult, with modifications to suit his purpose. The dying song of Isolde, with which the work closes, has been effectively arranged as an instrumental number for the concert-room.

Triumvirate {trl-um'm-rat}, the name of an office among the Romans, filled by three persons. There were triumvirates for the regulation of public affairs, mentioned near the end of the republic. The government under Cassar, Pompey and Crassus in 60 B. C. is called the first triumvirate, but the title was never formally given to them. The first triumvirate was that of Octavian, Antony and Lepidus in 43 B. C., though usually called the second. They held office for ten years. One set of triumvirs in Rome had charge of the night-police and another of the prisons.

Trol'ley=Cars are street-cars propelled by electricity by means of a trolley, a pulley working upon a wire overhead. The name, therefore, is appropriate only to electric tramways in which a rod is used to establish a connection between the motor of the car and the wire overhead. In America, however, the name is freely applied to other forms of street-car. Steam and horses have both been well-nigh discarded from street railways; even the cable-car has had its day; and the trolley-car properly so called, or the electric tramway, now reigns supreme. In 1890 there were 500 miles of cable-car lines in the United States, 6,000 of horse-car and 2,000 of electric tramways; but in 1908 the mileage of electric tramways had increased to 41,244 miles. Of the electric