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TRANSYLVANIA

TRAP

over 300,000 are whites. Only 100,000 of these are Boers, and their chief occupation is stock-rearing, agriculture being only slightly practised. The government is administered by a governor, who appoints a cabinet, and by a legislature consisting of a council and an assembly. The legislature meets annually, but the governor may prorogue or dissolve it, and it can not continue more than five years. Botha, the famous Boer general, is premier, and three other Boers hold cabinet-offices, non-Boers having only two. The government departments include agriculture, lands and native affairs, mines, public works, the secretaryship and the treasury, the minister of mines being the attorney-general also and the minister of agriculture the premier. Pretoria, with a white population of 29,660, is the capital. Johannesburg, the mining center of Witwatersrand, is the metropolis of Transvaal and the fourth city of Africa, having a white population of 120,411. (The high commissioner for South Africa administers Swaziland, but the laws of Transvaal rule it. Only 890 of the people are whites.)

Education and Religion. Education is progressing rapidly, being free wherever an average attendance of 30 children can be had. Out of 258,826 whites in 1904, who were at least five years old, 227,100 could both read and write. In 1911 there were six high schools with 2,081 pupils, 526 country schools teaching 18,858 children, 137 town-schools with 31,131 pupils, 12 colored schools with 1,654 scholars, and 190 native schools with 13,365 pupils. Pretoria has a normal college, Johannesburg a technical institute of engineering and mining. The Dutch Reformed Churches claim 147,319 members; the English Church 68,390; Methodists number 38,152; Jews 15,481; Presbyterians 20,879; Roman Catholics 16,481; Lutherans 64,257; other Christians 24,008; and Bmhmans and Buddhists 11,440. The white members of the Dutch churches number 143,015; of the Anglican church 55,094; of the Presbyterians 18,682; of the Methodists 1.7,206; of the Roman Catholics 14,474; of the Lutherans 5,279; and of other Christian churches 14,2 59. The other members of these churches are non-white. The Brahmans and Buddhists however claimed 747 white coreligionists.

Resources, Commerce, Communications. Industries are hindered by the insufficiency of the communications and particularly by the lack of unskilled labor for the mines. As the natives are not available, coolies are imported. The state's principal sources of revenue are the customs and the mines, but it is by no means self-supporting. The principal imports are provisions, machinery and clothing. The chief exports include gold (6,451,384 ounces fine in 1907), wool, cattle, hides, coal and diamonds (value in

1906 about $7,500,000). The gold-deposits are among the foremost in the world, gold-mining the supreme industry. Gold was discovered before 1875, an(^ *n I9°7 about $940,000,000 had been mined. In 1007 the yield was $129,000,000, John Hays Hammond calculates that $3,500,000,000 remain to be extracted and that within 30 years nearly all the paying deposits will probably have been exhausted. The Pretoria diamond-fields rival those of Kimberley, the world's hugest diamond (q. v.) having been discovered in Transvaal. Nearly 2,200 miles of railway are open, about 400 are under construction, and several hundred are projected. The Transvaal and Orange railways are under joint control, and nearly $30,-000,000 are to be spent on new roads. There are 2,500 miles of telegraph, communicating with inmost Africa as well as the outside world; 769 miles of telephone; 393 postoffices; and seven great banks, including the postal savings-bank. Transvaal's population should increase greatly for another decade. Even if its goldmines become exhausted by 1935, farming, grazing, manufacturing and the remaining mineral resources ensure the permanence of population and prosperity. See BOERS and KRUGER.

Tran'sylva'nia, formerly a principality of the Austro-Hungarian empire, but since 1868 incorporated with Hungary, on the southeast of Hungary, separated from Rumania by the Transylvanian Alps, in which are found peaks 8,000 feet high. Other ranges cross the country, and divide it from Hungary proper. Gold, silver, quicksilver, copper, lead, iron, tin, coal, alum and salt, with such precious stones as garnets, agates, amethysts, carnelians and jaspers, are found. A bed of rock-salt (q. v.) from 60 to 80 miles wide extends through the whole country. The valleys are very fertile, and raise large crops of corn, hemp, flax and tobacco. Woolen and silk goods, paper, gunpowder, glass, soap and furniture are among the more important manufactures. The people are made up of various races, as Magyars, Saxons, Rumans, Armenians, Greeks, Jews, Bulgarians and Gypsies, the Rumans numbering about three fifths of the whole. There is a university at Klausenburg (Kolozsvar), opened in 1872. Transylvania belonged to Dacia in the time of the Roman empire, and after being overrun by Huns, Goths, Lombards and Bulgarians was finally conquered by the Hungarians in the loth and nth centuries. It was independent in the early part of the 16th century, but in 1713 was annexed to Austria. Area 21,512 square miles. Population 2,284,048.

Trap, a class of igneous rocks, that is, those rocks which owe their origin to fire, called Irappa, a stair, because they break up in columnar forms, producing cliffs that