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TOTEM

1927

TOUCH

bow of white ribbon. The headquarters are at Evanston, 111., under the same roof with the former home of Miss Frances E. Willard (q. v.). Its work is supplemented by that of the Catholic Total Abstinence Union, which has 100,000 members, both men and women.

The first laws against the use of liquor were made in Massachusetts in 1639 and about the same time in Connecticut. Ogle-thorpe in 1733 had the importation of rum into Georgia prohibited as well as of slaves. In 1756 a duty was imposed on imported liquors in Pennsylvania, and in 1774 the first Continental Congress proposed to the different states the passage of laws to stop the distilling of liquors. The ration of grog in the army was changed to coffee in 1832. License laws were passed in some states, but met with strong opposition. After the supreme court had in 1847 decided in favor of prohibitory laws, Maine was the first state to use the power. Delaware, Rhode Island, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Michigan, Iowa, Indiana and Kansas all passed laws prohibiting the sale of liquors, but the law was repealed later in most of the states and license laws substituted. The Prohibition party grew up from the effort to induce state and national legislation favorable to prohibition.

In recent years the liquor problem has been severely scrutinized all over the world. The open bar is more and more regarded as a nuisance, an injury and a peril to society and the state. Consequently public opinion against the saloon has made itself felt in almost all Europe as well as in America, Australia and New Zealand. Both Great Britain and the United States are increasingly limiting the number of places at which intoxicating liquors are retailed and reducing the area of the influence of drink. In 1904 English local magistrates were given power to refuse to renew licenses for saloons that they consider needless, compensation being given to the ousted liquor-dealer, and in 1908 it was enacted that after 1922 compensation shall not be paid and that magistrates shall be free to close as many houses as they see fit.. After April 5, 1909, the people in any locality have had the power to prohibit the granting of any new license. In the United States, however, greater progress has been made in regulating the liquor-traffic than in any other country. One of the efficient organizations under which the crusade has been carried forward since 1903 is the Anti-Saloon League, the platform of which has but one plank — The Suppression of the Saloon. It thus has the support not only of those of strict temperance views, but of large numbers who, while not total abstainers, are alive to the evils and the menace of the open saloor. The effort of the Anti-Saloon League has been to secure the enactment of local option laws, under which the voters in

village, town, township, city, county or state may determine by a majority vote whether or not intoxicating liquors shall be sold in the political division in which the vote is taken.

When the aggregate of prohibition districts under local option is sufficiently large the next step is taken—adoption of a constitutional amendment.

The whole trend of modern legislation makes increasingly toward limiting the suPp|y and controlling the distribution of liquor. '

In nearly all the states there is now some form of local option; and in most of these states the territory under prohibition has steadily increased, while state prohibition exists in Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee, West Virginia, Oklahoma, Kansas, North Dakota and Maine.

In the following countries the state also restricts the liquor traffic; Canada, Finland, Belgium, France, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Russia, Roumania, Switzerland, New South Wales, New Zealand, Victoria.

To'tem, a carved or painted symbol, in use among the American Indians and the primitive peoples of foreign lands to indicate kinship and the special tribe to wtueh they belong. These symbols are very varied in character, including things inanimate, as trees, plants and the heavenly bodies — the sun, moon or stars; as well as objects of animate life, as birds, beasts and fishes. These, when adopted, become the hereditary tribal mark and the indication of clanship, and are not only found on the tribal totem pole, but are frequently indicated on the person of members of the same tribe by tattooing or burning the rough symbol into the skin. These totems are sacred to the tribe adopting them, and in the case of animal, bird or fish life, they are withheld from eating or destroying them. They thus become a sort of blood-bond, and in some instances they restrain marriage among those who adopt a certain tribal symbol or totem. A considerable literature deals with the subject of totemism in different lands, as well as with kinship and marriage and the tribal customs among early races of mankind.

Toucan (tfio'kari), the name for birds with enormous, bright-colored bills, inhabiting South America and ranging as far north as Mexico. The bills are light, as they are filled with air-cavities. These birds feed on bananas, insects and reptiles. They frequent lofty trees. They are sometimes confused with the horn-bills of Africa, birds with greatly enlarged bills but belonging to a different family.

Touch (tuck), that one of the five senses by which contact or pressure is perceived. It also is usually made to include the senses of temperature and pain. It is possessed more or less acutely by all parts of the free surface of the body, walls of the mouth and nasal passages. Its delicacy