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TOCANTINS RIVER

1919

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the moths appear and deposit their eggs singly on the lower surface of the tobacco-leaves. In three days the larvae hatch, moult five times, feed voraciously, and in about three weeks reach full growth. There usually are three broods a season, though sometimes there are four in the south and but two in the north. The first brood does not do much damage: it is the July brood the planter fears. In fighting it hand-picking has long been in use, but is expensive. Though objections are made to the use of poison, spraying with Paris green is employed, beginning as soon as the new brood appears. Combatting the pest by destroying adult moths is resorted to; the flowers of the jimson weed, previously powdered by a cobalt solution sweetened with molasses, are placed around a field in the evening; the moths come to these, attracted by the smell of the molasses, and are poisoned. The worm has natural enemies, as insect parasites whose larvae feed upon it betore it transforms to the pupa. Worms covered with what appears to be a mass of small white eggs are often seen; the seeming eggs being cocoons of the parasites, These parasitized worms should not be destroyed, but as natural enemies of the pest given all encouragement.

To'cantins' River, Brazil, 1,000 miles long, from the junction of the Almas and Mararihao to the Para, into which it falls. Its branches are the Araguaya, Paraman, Great Somno, Tucahunas and Theresa. The Tocantins is eight miies wide at its mouth, and the tide ascends the river for 300 miles.

Tocqueville {tok'vil), Alexis Charles Henri Clerel de, was born at Paris, France, July 29. 1805. He studied law and became a judge at Versailles in 1826. Five years later the French government sent him to the United States to examine the penitentiary system. This mission gave him the chance to study American institutions, and resulted in his writing his masterpiece, Democracy in America, one of the very ablest of the many books on America by foreigners. It still is of the highest authority. His other chief work was The Ancient Regime and the Revolution, De Tocqueville was in politics from 1839, when he was chosen deputy, till his release from a short imprisonment at the time of Napoleon Ill's seizure of power in 1851. For five months in 1849 ne was minister of foreign affairs. He died at Cannes, April 16, 1859.

Todleben (tot'Id-ben), Franz Eduard, General, was born at Mitau in Courland, Russia, May 20, 1818. He attended the school of engineers at St. Petersburg. From 1848 to 1851 he was with the Russian army in the Caucasus, fighting the native leader ShamyL In the Crimean War he became known throughout the world for

ADMIRAL TOGO

his defense of Sevastopol. After strengthening the fortifications of Cronstadt and Niko-laiev, he was made chief of engineering in the war-office in 1860. He took a prominent part in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-8. Todleben wrote a history of the defense of Sebastopol, which has been translated into English and other languages. He died near Frankfort, July i, 1884. See SEBASTOPOL and SHAMYL.

Togo, Admiral. Heihachiro Togo was born in Satsuma, Japan, 1847, His mother was an educated woman of character and abil-ity; his father was governor of a local province. Little is known of his early boyhood. His first | teacher was Take-more Saigo who headed the Satsuma rebellion, and killed himself upon its failure. The spirit of his teach-ing is expressed in " Where you see faults take the blame of them yourself, where there is merit attribute it to others. Act resolutely, and the very gods and demons shall flee before you." The government sent Togo to England in 1871, where he spent a year as a cadet on the training-ship Worcester. Captain Smith described him as *'a great plodder; very slow to learn, bub very sure when he had learnt/' He was made sublieutenant in the Japanese navy but remained at his studies in England until 1878. He rose steadily, and early in his career became known as one of Japan's most daring naval officers. He fully appreciated his country's rights upon the sea and was always ready to defend them. In 1895 he practically began the war with China by firing upon Chinese transports carrying troops with an evidently hostile purpose. The Japanese emperor, at the close of this war, conferred upon him the decoration of the Rising Sun and shortly after made him commander in chief of the standing squadron. On the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War, 1904, he was appointed commander-in-chief ot the Japanese navy, and very ably conducted the operations against Port Arthur. His official report of this action won the admiration of foreign naval officers for its simplicity, directness and modesty. The admiral's greatest victory was in the Battle of the Sea of Japan. He had personally supervised the training of the sailors whose superior marksmanship, at long range on rough water, wrought such terrible destruc-