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TITUS

1917

TOAD

crown and throat are black and the cheeks white. Its familiar call is chickadee, and besides this it has a high, sweet whistle of two or more notes. It ranges from Labrador to Indiana and Vir-' ginia. In the south it is replaced by a smaller southern chickadee. The tufted titmouse is the largest of the American species, being about six and one fourth inches long. All these birds of America are dull-colored, but some of the true Tits of the Old World are among the brightest birds of the northern hemisphere. For example, the azure tit of Siberia is white and sky-blue; the blue tit of Europe blue, white and yellow.

Ti'tus, mentioned in the Bible as a companion of Paul, was a Greek sent from An-tioch to Jerusalem to confer with the apostles. He traveled with Paul, going with him to Jerusalem, was sent by him to Corinth, and left at Crete, where, according to tradition, he was made its first bishop.

Ti'tus, Fla'vius Sabi'nus Vespa'sianus, an emperor of Rome, was the oldest son of Vespasian, and was born at Rome on Dec. 30 of A. D. 40. Brought up at the court of Nero, he became well-trained in manly exercises and a good scholar. He saw service as military tribune in Germany and Britain and as commander of a legion in Judaga under his father. When Vespasian became emperor, Titus was left to carry on the Jewish war, which he brought to a close by the capture of Jerusalem in 70 A. D. after a long siege. On his triumphal return to Rome he was received with joy by the citizens, and made a fellow-ruler of the empire by his father. On becoming sole emperor, at his father's death in 79, he at once put a stop to prosecutions for acts of disrespect to the emperor; had informers scourged and banished or sold as slaves: completed the Colosseum and the Baths of Titus; and delighted the people with public games which lasted 100 days. In 79, when the great eruption of Vesuvius took place, which buried Herculaneum and Pompeii; in 80, when a three days' fire laid Rome waste; and during the plague that followed it he despoiled his palaces to aid the sufferers. In this way Titus became one of the most popular wf Roman emperors, but in the third year of his reign he suddenly died on Sept. 13 of 81 A. D.. See COLOSSEUM, ROMAN EMPIRE and VESPASIAN.

Ti'tusville, Pa., city in Crawford County


 * 50  miles   southeast   from   Erie.     In   the


 * vicinity are extensive oil-fields.   The first

oil-well in the world of which there is any

record was struck here in August, 1859. The manufactures consist of oil-refineries, paraffine-works, iron and steel works, machine-shops, foundries, radiator, forge and cutlery works, furniture-factories, sash, blind and chair works, carriage and wagon works, a silk-mill, two large chemical-works and wood-specialty work. The city has a full public-school course, from kindergarten through the high school, parochial kindergarten and elementary schools and Saint Joseph's Academy. Benson Memorial Library and Titusville Hospital are noteworthy institutions, and the city has several churches. Water is supplied from artesian wells, and the city has all the adjuncts of a progressive place. Oil Creek, swollen by heavy rains in 1892, flooded the lower part of the city, causing several oil-tanks to give way. The oil spread on the water, became ignited, and caused damage to property and some loss of life. Titusville has the service of two railroads. Population 8,533.

Tivoli (tiv'o-U or te'vo-le), a city of Italy, 18 miles east of Rome, stands on the slope of Monte Ripoli, one of the Apennines. It is a walled town, with a fortress, steep, narrow streets and a cathedral, once a temple of Hercules where Augustus held court. Since the time of Pliny its vineyards have been noted for their fine-flavored grapes, and the travertino stone, of which a great part of Rome is built, comes from Tivoli. Near the city are the temple of Vesta, built in 76 B. C., the remains of the villas of Hadrian and Maecenas and the ruins of early Roman mausoleums, baths and aqueducts. Tivoli was in Roman times called Tibur, is mentioned in 446 B. C., and is said to be older than Rome. It is one of the few towns of Latium still on their old sites. It also was a noted suburb of Rome, Scipio, Marius, Horace and many other prominent Romans having Tiburtine villas. Population 12,880.

Toad, an amphibian animal related to the frog, having a similar structure and life-story. The skin is covered with warts, but the milky secretion is harmless. Toads are more terrestrial than frogs; after they become mature they return to water only to lay eggs, while frogs always remain near the water. Their eggs can be distinguished from those of frogs from being laid in long strings instead of masses of gelatinous substance. The toad is often used for making nature-observations in schools, and is an excellent subject for study. Hodge in Nature-Study and Life says: "No aquatic egg is better adapted for such use [study in school-room]. It is large enough to be seen with the unaided eye, develops under all sorts of conditions, and the progress is so rapid that interest is stistained to the end. First the egg elongates, then the tiny, flat tadpoles hatch and, feeding first on the gelatinous matter of their envelope, soon begin to eat the slime in the aquarium and grow with

BLUE TITMOUSE, MALE AND FEMALE