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TIMOTHY

1914

TIN

portional to the number of vibrations which the pendulum has made between the two events. The unit of time employed by the whole world is the average time which elapses between two successive transits of the sun across the meridian. This unit is called the mean solar day, and is divided into 86,400 parts called seconds, which are the units most frequently employed in measuring small intervals of time. The sun does not move through the sky at a uniform rate; but we can imagine one which does, and makes the same number of revolutions per year as the actual sun. Such a sun is called the mean sun. The instant at which the mean sun crosses any meridian is called noon for that meridian or local noon. Time which is measured from a local meridian is called local time.

Since 1883 the United States have employed time which is counted from Greenwich noon, and is called standard time. Thus the inhabitants of Labrador and Nova Scotia employ time which differs from that at Greenwich by exactly four hours; this is called colonial time. In the extreme east of the United States, neighboring on each side of the 75th meridian, all correct watches and clocks differ exactly five hours from Greenwich time; this is called eastern^ time. In the Mississippi valley the time is six hours later than Greenwich, and is called central time. Fifteen degrees west we have mountain time; and along the Pacific coast the time is eight hours later than Greenwich and is known as Pacific time. Middle European time is one hour faster, and Eastern European time is two hours earlier, than Greenwich. Recently the Australian states have adopted Greenwich time — or, what amounts to the same thing, they use time which differs exactly eight, nine, ten and eleven hours from Greenwich.

Tim'othy, a disciple and companion of St. Paul. He was the son of a Greek and a Jewess, and his home either was at Derbe or at Lystra, in Lycaonia. Paul set him apart as a minister of the gospel. After preaching in Macedonia and Achaia he went at Paul's request to Ephesus, and accompanied the apostle -to Jerusalem. It was to him that the two Epistles to Timothy were addressed by Paul. According to tradition, Timothy suffered martyrdom under Domi-tian.

Timur (te~maor'} or Tamerlane was the second of the great conquerors whom central Asia sent forth in the middle ages, and was born at Kesh, about 40 miles southeast of Samarkand, April 9, 1333. His father was a, Turkish chieftain and his mother claimed descent from the great Genghis Khan. When he became tribal chieftain, Timur helped Emir Hussein to drive out the Kalmucks. Turkestan was divided between them, but war broke out between the chiefs, and the death of Hussein in battle made

Timur master of all Turkestan. He now began his career of conquest, overcoming the Getes, Khiva and Khorassan, after storming Herat. His ever-widening circle of possessions soon embraced Persia, Mesopotamia, Georgia and the Mongol state of Kiptchak. He threatened Moscow, burned Azov, captured Delhi, overran Syria, and stormed Baghdad, which had revolted. At last, July 20, 1402, Timur met Sultan Baja-zet on the plains of Angora, captured him and routed his army, thus becoming master of the Turkish Empire. He took but a short rest at his capital, Samarkand, and in his eagerness to conquer China led 200,000 men across the Jaxartes on the ice, and pushed rapidly on for 300 miles, when his death, Feb. 18, 1405, saved the independence of China. In his reign of 35 years this chief of a small tribe, dependent on the Kalmucks, became the ruler of the vast territory stretching from Moscow to the Ganges. He was an able administrator, had traits of statesmanship, and patronized science and art. A number of writings said to have been written by Timur have been preserved in Persian, one of which, the Institutions, has been translated into English. Timur is made the hero of Marlowe's Tamburlaine, the first play in which blank verse appeared on the stage. The name of Tamerlane means Timur the Larne,

Tin, a silvery-white metal, with a tinge of yellowish blue and a high luster. It is softer than gold and can be rolled or beaten into very thin sheets called tinfoil. It is ductile at 212°, when it can be drawn out into wire which is not very tenacious; it melts at 455°; and volatilizes at a white heat. Air and moisture act on tin very slightly. The peculiar properties of tin, especially its malleability, its brilliancy and the slowness with which it rusts, make it very serviceable. With other metals it forms valuable alloys, as bronze, gun-metal, bell-metal, pewter and solder. Tin is very largely used in covering sheet-iron, thus forming tin-plate. Tin must have been one of the metals earliest known, as it enters into bronze of which the oldest metallic weapons and tools are made. The largest tin-mines of Europe are found in Cornwall in England, which once supplied Tyre and Sidon. There are very large tin-deposits in the island of Banka and on the Malay Peninsula, as well as in Australia. The Spanish-Portuguese and the Saxon-Bohemian mountains yield tin. Some tin is found also in Bolivia, Peru, Mexico .India and Chile. The Black Hills, South Dakota, yield about 30,000 tons annually, but we are largely dependent upon foreign sources for our supply of this metal. In 1906 the world's production was 96,196 long tons. Dioxide of tin is the only important ore; when pure it is made of 78 parts of tin and 22 of oxygen. This ore is gray, yellow, red and black and strikes fire