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TICK

1910

TIDES

tively, have charge of foreign relations and of military matters; by three commanders of the permanent Chinese garrison (about 4,600 men) at Dingei, Lhasa and Shigatse; and by a few other officials. But the administration is almost wholly in Tibetan hands. The religion is that form of Buddhism (q. v.) which is called Lamaism, but beside it exist the superstitions of shamanism. The priests, called lamas, are exceedingly numerous. At their head is a high-priest, the Dalai Lama, who lives in a palace near Lhasa, rules through a priest appointed for life by the Chinese government as a minister, and claims to be the head of the Buddhist world. The priests have superbly decorated temples, and their monasteries, containing thousands of inmates, resemble populous towns. The organization and ceremonies of Lamaism are so like those of the Roman church that Hue and Gabet, French missioners to Tibet in 1844-6, thought Satan had made it in mockery of the Christian church.

History. Tibet, with Korea and Abyssinia, has been a hermit among nations. About Christ's time Sakya, the Hindu Buddhists' last great teacher, settled at Lhasa (q. v.)t where it is thought that he lives yet in the Dalai Lama. But the historical and formal entry of Buddhism really occurred in A. D. 622,— the tvery year Mohammed left Mecca. In 821 Tibet paid tribute to China. Western Tibet was overrun by Turks, till Aurungzeb in the 17th century expelled them. Odorico, an Italian friar, visited Tibet in 1328; Andrada, a Portuguese Jesuit in 1534; and Capuchin missionaries in 1708-44. Tibet became a dependency of China in 1720. The priests enforced strict exclusion of all foreigners who were not Buddhists. Russia gained influence in Tibet about 1890. In 1890 and 1893 England made Tibetan treaties with China to remove hindrances from Indian trade with Tibet. The Tibetans failing to observe the terms of the treaty, Britain in 1903-4 sent a military expedition to Lhasa. Its commander concluded a treaty with the Tibetans themselves which removed all causes of friction, the latter paying an indemnity and the English evacuating Chumbi Valley in 1908. No Tibetan territory may be sold, mortgaged or leased to any foreign power without English consent, nor Tibetan public works or affairs be subject to foreign interference or management. China assented to this in 1906, and Russia and Britain agreed in 1907 to negotiate with Tibet only through China and to send no representative to Lhasa. Consult Hue's Recollections of a Journey to Tibet; Landon's Opening of Tibet; and Landor's Tibet and Nepal.

Tick, a kind of mite having the mouth in che form of a sharp beak. Birds and mamma'iS suffer especially from it. They

are very common in warm countries and are parasites on cattle. The so-called sheep-ticks are insects with six legs, while all true ticks have eight legs, like the spiders. They live on plants and will attach themselves to the skin of man as well as to animals. The wood-tick is common in our woods in certain sections. Squirrels, rabbits, pigeons and chickens, — each is affected by a special tick. Eight species are found upon cattle in this country, and diseases of cattle are transmitted by the cattle-ticks. Those of South Africa and Brazil are dreadful pests. In South America they cling in clusters of hundreds to slender twigs, and transfer themselves to horses and cattle. They bury their heads under the skin and suck blood, becoming as large as a horse-bean. Herds of cattle are sometimes killed by the exhaustion produced by these parasites. Wet weather is fatal to them, and infested animals are often freed from them by swimming a river.

Tick'nor, George, an American author, was born at Boston, Aug. i, 1791. He gradtiated at Dartmouth College when 16, and studied law. In 1820 Ticknor became professor of French and Spanish in Harvard College. His History of Spanish Literature was published in 1849, a"t once took high rank, and was translated into Spanish, German and French. His Life of Prescott is considered one of the finest biographies ever written. Ticknor died on Jan. 26,, 1871. See Life by Hilliard.

Ticonderoga (ti-kon-der-o'go), a village of New York at the outlet of Lake George, 88 miles northeast of Albany. Population 2,475. The French in 1755 built For;, Carillon here, afterward called Fort Ticonderoga, to command Lake Champlain. Two years later Montcalm led his force of 9,000 men from this fort and captured Fort William Henry, which had been built by Sir William Johnson at the southern end of Lake George. In 1758 General Aber-crombie was defeated by its garrison with a loss of 2,000 men; but next year General Amherst forced the French t^> dismantle and abandon it. After the battle of Lexington Ethan Allen (q. v.) stormed Ticon-deroga on May 10, 1775. Next year Burgoyne, by planting a battery on Moun"' Defiance, forced the American garrison to leave Fort Ticonderoga, which the British held until Burgoyne's surrender, though L was attacked by General Lincoln. The British also held it a short time in 1780, Parts of the walls are still standing. See Joseph Cook's History of Ticonderoga.

Tides, tl.e periodic rising and falling of the waters of the sea along coasts and inlets. The rising is called the food, and when highest is called high water; the falling is called <Jhc ebb, and at its lowest is known as low water. The short lull between tides is called slack water. Flood-