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THESSALONICA

1902

THIRTY-NINE ARTICLES

against the Amazons and the Centaurs, to have been one of the Argonauts, to have taken part in the Calydonian hunt, and to have carried off Helen from Sparta when she was only nine years old. For this he was attacked by Castor and Pollux, was driven from his throne by a revolt of the Athenians, and was killed by treachery. Thes'saloni'ca. See SALONIKA. Thes'saly, the largest state of ancient Greece, reaching from Thermopylae to the Cambunian mountains and from Mt. Pindus to the ^Egean. But often the name was applied only to the Thessalian plain, which was surrounded by mountains and was the most fertile part of Greece. The plain was divided into two parts, Upper Thessaly the chief city of which was Pharsalus, and Lower Thessaly, haying Larissa as its main city. The Thessalians were said to have emigrated from Epirus. There were three classes in the country: the rich land owners; Achaeans and other conquered tribes; and serfs, who probably were the first dwellers in the land. In early times wars were carried on with the Phocians. About 400 B.C., under the tyrants Lycophron, Jason and Alexander, JPherae became the foremost city and brought all Thessaly under its rule. Thessaly fell successively into the hands of the Macedonians, Romans and Turks. Part of it now belongs to Greece See Grote's History of Greece and FyfiEe's Primer of Greek History. The'tis. See ACHIL'LES. Thian-Shan or Celestial Mountains aro a chain in Central Asia, which extends from Pamir Plateau eastward as far as southern Mongolia. Some of the peaks attain the great height of 24,000 feet. There are a few extinct volcanoes in the range, and among the most typical rocks in its formation are granite, schist and limestone. On its western side the Thian-Shan chain subdivides into several ranges which are set in a fan-like formation.

Thiers (tydr), Louis Adolphe, a French statesman, was born at Marseilles, April 16, 1797, the son of a locksmith. After attending the ly-ceum at Marseilles, he studied law at Aix. He then went to Paris to seek his fortune, and after a hard struggle with poverty became a [newspaper writer Jand soon was widely known. But it was his popular History of the French Revolution which carried him from his garret in 'jm out-of-the-way alley to fame, both as a

writer and in politics. In 1830 he estab-lished'a new democratic paper. The National, which greatly helped to bring about the revolution of 1830. Thiers at once became one of the ablest debaters in the chamber of deputies. He was minister of the interior in 1832, later was minister of commerce and agriculture, and in 1836 prime minister. A disagreement with the king in regard to the fortification of Paris led to his resignation and gave him the opportunity to begin his History of the Consulate and of the Empire, adding to his material by visiting England and personally inspecting the battlefields of Germany, Italy and Spain. He still was an acknowledged leader in politics, and protested against French union with England in her objections to the annexation of Texas, being unwilling, he said, to act against "the

freat American nation, the harbinger of rench liberty." After the revolution of 1848 he became prominent in the assembly, supporting Louis Nap_oleon as president but warning the nation in vain of the danger of a new empire, thus causing his imprisonment and exile at its establishment. His return to the assembly was marked by his great speech against the enormous outlay in the Italian War and the expedition to Mexico and in improving the city. In 1870 he predicted defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, and, as chief of the executive, was successful in procuring a treaty of peace, in crushing the Commune (q. v.) and in carrying out a national loan for paying the German indemnity. He was given the title of president on Aug. 31, 1871, and succeeded in obtaining the withdrawal of German troops from French soil, but resigned in 1872. He was gathering material for a history of art and was writing his memoirs, when he died near Paris on Sept. 3, 1877.

Thirty-nine Articles, The. The public standard of religious belief adopted by the Church of England. Their principles developed from 1534, when papal authority was thrown off by the English church, till 1582, when Convocation added its sanction. Next year they were published by royal authority* The articles are not intended to be a complete system of theology, but only to enumerate certain truths of such primary importance that denial of one is sufficient ground for exclusion from the church. They were framed for the establishment of consent regarding true religion, and treat of the doctrine of the trinity (Arts. 1-5); the sources of knowledge of religious matters (Arts. 6-8); sin and redemption (Arts. 9-18); and necessary relations * of Christians as members of a religious community (Arts. 19-39). They were adopted by the General Convention of the American Episcopal Church in 1801, the Athanasian creed being excluded. In 1784, under Wesley's advice, the Methodist Episcopal church revised and adopted 25 of them.

LOUIS ADOLPHE THIERS