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TEMPLARS, KNIGHTS

1887

TEMPLE O? KARNAK.

books of travel. It has no basis in the life of the times. Two characters, Caliban and Ariel, lie outside the bounds of humanity. The drama represents an enchanted world summoned into existence by the magician's wand and ready to disappear at his bidding. There is no strongly dramatic situation. Prospero is in full control; power and right, evenly paired, work together.

Tem'plars, Knights, a celebrated religious and military order, founded at Jerusalem in the beginning of the i2th century by Hugues de Paganes, Geoffrey St. Omer and seven other French knights for the protection of the Holy Sepulchre and the pilgrims who visited it. Baldwin II, king of Jerusalem, gave them their first home; and another building was obtained from the abbot of the church and convent of the temple, because of which they were called Templars. Each Templar was allowed three horses and an esquire. They obeyed strict rules, and at first were proud of their poverty. When the Saracens captured Jerusalem, the Templars spread over Europe; their bravery became celebrated everywhere; money and lands were showered on them; and members of the greatest families were proud to be enrolled in their number. In every country where they were they had their governor, called the Master of the Temple.

The Templars at first were all laymen and of noble birth. Pope Alexander III, however, in 1162, had chaplains taken into the order, who did not adopt the military vows; and laymen not of noble birth afterwards joined as serving-brothers, some attending the knights and some working at trades in the houses and on the lands of the order. Many also joined merely to gain the protection afforded them. As the Templars grew in power, they became luxurious, proud and independent of law and authority. Philip IV of France seized and imprisoned all the members of the order on whom he could lay hand, confiscated their lands, and put many to death for alleged crimes. The English Templars were treated by Edward II in much the same manner, except that their punishment was confined to the loss of their possessions to the king. In 1312 the order was finally suppressed by the council of Vienne, the greater part of their property being bestowed on the Knights of St. John.

The Templars' uniform was white, with a red maltese cross on the left shoulder. Their banner was white with black stripes, and was called beauseant, the name then given to a horse marked with black and white. Beauseant also became their battle-cry. See Addison's History of the Knights Templars.

Tem'ple, Tex., a city in Bell County, on Che Gulf, Colo, and Santa F6 and the

Mo., Kans. and Texas railways, 35 miles southwest of Waco and about 60 north-northeast of Austin. It has a Carnegie Library, and, besides its municipal buildings, churches, and schools, also has the King's Daughters' Hospital and the Railroad Hospital of the Gulf Railroad. Settled in 1881, it was incorporated a city in 1884. Its industries are many and growing; they include flour and cottonseed-oil mills, cotton-gins and compresses, machine-shops, foundries, bottling-works, a cold-storage plant and a candy-factory. It ships extensively of live stock, besides fruit, corn, oats and cotton. Population 10,993.

Temple, Frederick, late Archbishop of Canterbury, was born in Leukas, in the Ionian Isles, in 1821; and died in London shortly after he had performed the ceremony of the coronation of Edward VII. He was a distinguished graduate of Balliol College, Oxford. He was successful in turn as head of the Knellar Hall Training-School, as inspector of schools and as headmaster of Rugby. His essay in Essays and Reviews was regarded by some as more liberal than orthodox. In 1869 he became Bishop of Exeter, in 1885 Bishop of London and in 1896 Archbishop of Canterbury. Temple was an orthodox prelate, a learned writer and a man of the highest character.

Temple of Kar'nak. The kings of the new empire put all their energy into building temples rather than palaces. The ruins of this period are scattered about Thebes over an area of 2} miles north and south and 3^- east and west. The most important and magnificent group is at Karnak on the right side of the Nile. It consists of one principal temple and five or six smaller ones arranged loosely about it, with seemingly little or no regard for symmetry. All the temples of this period were very similar in construction, having an inner sanctuary or sekos, a hall of assembly containing two ranges of large columns in the center and one or more rows of smaller ones on the outer side of the central columns. Light was admitted over the lateral columns (this is called a hypostyle hall); sometimes light was admitted over low stone-screens between the columns of the front row of the hypostyle; in such a case all columns were of equal height. In front was a large forecourt, surrounded by a row of columns, at the entrance of which was a double pylon or gate, formed like an oblong, truncated pyramid with flaring cornices, masts and banners and iron stocks for blazing torches in the night. Colossi of seated figures hewn in stone usually decorated the front. The building began with the erection of the sekos or sanctuary which was to contain the shrine of the deity and the sacred chamber. Rooms for the priests and the performance of various rites and