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 TEETH

held joint command, he saved the lives of the American prisoners. At the battle of the Thames in Canada he believed he would be killed. So he laid aside his general's uniform and sword, and, dressed as an Indian warrior, fought desperately till he was shot (Oct. 5, 1813). It is believed that he was killed by Richard Mentor Johnson. See Life by Benjamin Drake.

Teeth are structures derived from the skin of the mouth, involving both the epidermis and the dermis. Only those of vertebrated animals need be considered. In fishes and snakes they usually are sharp processes without sockets, arising from bones of the jaws and the mouth-parts. In crocodiles and all mammals they are located in sockets. The teeth always show the habits and food of animals, and, therefore, are much used by naturalists in classification. They are of great importance to the students of fossil life, because they are usually well-preserved on account of their hardness. They have been of great service in tracing the evolution of animal life during geological periods. In the herb-eating animals there have been slow changes in the pattern of the crown of molar teeth, which can be read by students like hieroglyphics. The teeth of mammals contain living pulp on the inside provided with nerves and blood-vessels; this is surrounded by dentine or ivory, a bony substance produced from the dermis. The dentine is covered above the jaws by enamel, which is the hardest substance in the human body. The roots are covered with cement, which joins the enamel and sometimes extends into it. When the enamel is broken or worn through, the much softer dentine is exposed; this decays and leads to cavities in the teeth and to their destruction, if the cavities are not cleaned and filled. The typical number of teeth in mammals is 44, 22 on each jaw, and not 32, as most people suppose, because the latter number is found in man. Teeth of mammals are divided into incisors or cutting-teeth, canines or sharp tearing-teeth, premolars which appear earliest, and molars or grinding-teeth. There usually are two sets which appear in succession, the milk-teeth or temporary ones and the permanent set. The teeth are subject to great modifications. The great cutting-teeth of beavers and the tusks of elephants are modified incisors; the tusks of the walrus and those of the wild boar are enlarged canines. The molars or grinding-teeth have a pattern on the crown that is characteristic of the different groups of mammals.

Tegner (těng'nâr ' ), Esai'as, a popular Swedish poet, was born at Kyrkerud in 1782. He was graduated and appointed lecturer on aesthetics at the University of Lund. His poem, Sweden, which appeared in 1811, brought widespread popularity. Next year he took charge of a parish, besides the chair of Greek in the university, and yet found time to write, among other works, Axel, a poetic romance, and his epic, Frithiof's Saga, which at once became the most popular poem of Sweden. Its author was at once made bishop of Wexio, sat in the national legislature in the chamber of the clergy, and became noted as a political leader and speaker. When just about to be appointed archbishop, Tegner had an attack of insanity, which he inherited. He recovered his sanity but not his health, and died in 1846. The Children of the Lord's Supper has been finely translated into English verse by Longfellow.

Teheran (tĕ-h'rän ' ), capital of, stands 70 miles south of the Caspian Sea, on a wide, stony plain. On the northeast are the Elburz Mountains, the highest peak of which is Demavend, 22,000 feet above the sea. The town is built mainly of mud-houses, packed within a mud-wall 20 feet high and four miles around. The finest building is the bazar of Taki Khan. In the suburbs are the shah's palace, called the ark or citadel, and the castle of the kajars, another royal home. In 1849 a polytechnic school was opened with European professors, introducing science and the western languages. Carpets, shoes, hats and linen goods are manufactured. Teheran was unimportant until made the capital of Persia by Aga Mohammed Khan about 1796. Population 280,000.

Tehuantepec (tē-wän'tē-pĕk ' ), an isthmus of Mexico, between the Bay of Campeche on the Gulf of Mexico and the Bay of Tehuantepec on the Pacific Ocean. Its narrowest part is 130 miles wide. It contains lakes, lagoons and Coatzacoalcos and Tehuantepec Rivers. One of the several plans to join the Atlantic and Pacific by a ship-canal proposed crossing this peninsula, in part by deepening and widening Coatzacoalcos River. The Mexican government on Jan. 23, 1907, opened its interoceanic railway (192.42 miles long) from the mouth of the Coatzacoalcos to the Pacific port of Salina Cruz. It saves 10,797 miles from New York to San Francisco through the Straits of Magellan.

Tekeli, Emeric, Count, a celebrated Hungarian patriot, was born in Zips, Hungary, in 1656. His father had taken part in a plot to free Hungary, and after his death Tekeli was forced to flee to Poland. Unable to get possession of his estates, he invaded Hungary, when but 22, at the head of 20,000 men furnished by the prince of Transylvania. He was joined by crowds of his dissatisfied countrymen, made inroads into Austria, Styria and Moravia, and forced Leopold I, the Austrian emperor, to make promises which gained part of