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SYDNEY

1859

SYMONDS

There are four colleges connected with the university, which has a[f acuity of 7 6 members and an attendance of 1,054 students. There also are a college for women, a free museum, a public library of 179,641 volumes and an

observatory. It has a fine harbor, with extensive shipyards and docks, and is defended by several forts and batteries. Population 605,900. See AUSTRALIA.

Sydney, Can., next to Halifax, is the most populous place in Nova Scotia. It is a coal-shipping port and may become the terminal port of ocean-liners. It has a deep-water harbor open throughout the year. Population nearly 10,000.

Symbiosis (simbi-of's%s) (in plants), the living together of two kinds of organisms in more or less intimate relation. The word sometimes has a very general application, including even such a case as a vine and the tree upon which it climbs. Generally, however, it is used only in connection with cases of intimate organic union. The most notable case is the association of an alga and a fungus in the formation of a lichen. Various forms of .symbiosis are recognized, dependent upon the significance of the relationship between the two symbionts. Parasitism is one form, in which one symbiont is more or less injurious to the other. This form is amply illustrated by the numerous cases in which parasitic fungi attack living plants and animals. Mutualism is that form of symbiosis in which the relation between the two symbionts is mutually helpful. Many botanists consider the lichen an illustration of this, in which the alga and fungus are

of help to one another. Helotism is a form of symbiosis in which one organism enslaves another to use its products. In this case the enslaving symbiont is benefited, while the enslaved symbiont is neither injured nor benefited. Many botanists think that this is the form of symbiosis displayed by lichens, the fungus enslaving the alga in order to obtain the food which it manufactures and still protecting it within the meshes of the mycelium. Root - tubercles and mycorrhiza also are illustrations of symbiosis of complex character. In fact, the phenomenon of symbiosis is displayed more extensively among plants than was formerly sup-posed. See LICHENS, MYCORRHIZA and

ROOT-TUBERCLES.

Symmes, John Cleves, an American pioneer, was born on Long Island in 1742. He obtained from Congress in 1788 a grant of 1,000,000 acres along the Ohio between the two Miami Rivers, and a colony from New Jersey made the first settlement, naming the town Losantiville, which was changed by Governor St. Glair to Cincinnati. Symmes City also was founded at North Bend, a few miles below, and for some years was a rival of Cincinnati, until Fort Washington was established at the upper town.

Symmes, John Cleves, nephew of the above, was born in 1780 in New Jersey. He was in the War of 1812, and afterwards settled at Newport, Ky., where in lectures and writings he developed his idea that the earth is a hollow globe, and can be inhabited. He died at Hamilton, O., May 28, 1829.

Symonds (stm'undz), John Addington, an English man-of-letters who wrote largely on Italian history and literature, was born at Bristol, Oct. 5. 1840, and died at Rome, April 19, 1893. His chief writings are an Introduction to the Study of Dante; Studies of the Greek Poets; The Renaissance in Italy; Italian Byeways; with Lives of Shelley, Ber. Jonson, Sir Philip Sidney, Boccaccio, Bene-vento Cellini, Michael Angelo, Walt Whit-

SYDNEY*

AND

PORT JACKSON.

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